7.1.7 Individual and developmental differences in child psychology Quiz: Pearson Edexcel Psychology, Unit 7

The 20 questions

1. What is temperament in child development?

   • Skill in playing a musical instrument
   • A habit learned through reward for eating vegetables
   • Innate, fairly consistent differences in a child's emotional and behavioural style
   • Physical height compared with other children

2. Which temperament category in Thomas and Chess's work describes children who are initially cautious with new situations?

   • Difficult
   • Ambivalent
   • Easy
   • Slow-to-warm-up

3. What does a difficult temperament typically involve?

   • Intense emotional reactions and irregular routines
   • Calm reactions to every change in routine
   • No link to any later behaviour
   • Regular sleep and feeding with no disruption

4. Why might gender be considered when studying day care?

   • Gender only affects a child's height in adolescence
   • Gender has no effect on any child's development
   • Boys and girls may respond differently to the same day care environment
   • Gender only matters for choosing a day care name

5. What does the specification mean by individual differences affecting attachment?

   • Attachment type has no influence on any child
   • All children with the same attachment type behave identically
   • Attachment type is decided by the child's shoe size
   • Attachment type can affect children differently, for example because of temperament

6. Which individual difference can influence whether day care is a positive or negative experience?

   • Shoe size
   • Temperament
   • Height
   • Eye colour

7. Which example is an individual difference relevant to developmental psychology?

   • Differences in the typeface used in textbooks
   • Differences in the weather on the day of a study
   • Differences in temperament, gender or social situation between children
   • Differences in the price of toys in shops

8. Two children have the same day care experience but show different outcomes. Which explanation is most consistent with the specification?

   • Individual differences, such as temperament, interact with the day care experience
   • The outcome must be due to chance alone
   • The children must have had different attachment types by definition
   • Day care always produces identical outcomes in all children

9. A parent notices their child is very sensitive to changes in routine and reacts strongly to them. Which concept best describes this?

   • An individual difference in temperament
   • Operant conditioning
   • Monotropy
   • A cognitive interview

10. A day care study includes 100 children, of whom 60 are boys and 40 are girls. What percentage are girls?

    • 67 per cent
    • 60 per cent
    • 40 per cent
    • 50 per cent

11. A study finds that boys in day care show more conflict than girls. What is the most cautious interpretation?

    • Boys are always more aggressive than girls in every setting
    • Girls never experience conflict in any setting
    • Gender has no possible role in the study's findings
    • Gender may interact with care quality and temperament, so results should consider individual differences

12. Children with the same attachment type adjust differently to a new school. Which explanation fits best?

    • School adjustment is unrelated to any individual characteristic
    • Individual differences such as temperament shape how children respond to a new setting
    • Children with the same attachment type are always identical in all respects
    • Attachment type always determines school adjustment exactly

13. Why might a researcher design an intervention that is matched to a child's temperament?

    • Tailored support is more likely to suit the child's needs than a single approach for everyone
    • Interventions should be identical for every child
    • Temperament can only be changed by surgery
    • Temperament has no bearing on the choice of support

14. Which research design would best examine how individual differences shape long-term outcomes in day care?

    • A longitudinal study that measures temperament and outcomes at several points
    • A laboratory test of adults' word recall
    • A single case study of one child on one day
    • A single cross-sectional survey at one time point

15. Why is it important to measure individual differences when researching day care?

    • To ensure that all day care centres are the same size
    • To avoid assuming all children respond to care in the same way
    • To make sure every child is given the same test
    • To remove the need for any measurement

16. Which evaluation of individual differences in child psychology is most balanced?

    • Both individual differences and the environment matter, and differences can moderate environmental effects
    • The environment is always more important than individual differences
    • Individual differences have no role in child development
    • Individual differences are always more important than the environment

17. Why might parent reports of a child's temperament be biased?

    • Parents always report the exact same behaviour as teachers
    • Parents never see their children's behaviour at home
    • Temperament cannot be described in words at all
    • Parents may interpret behaviour through their own expectations or wish to appear positive

18. A group has 80 children, one quarter of whom have a difficult temperament. If 60 per cent of these show distress in day care, how many difficult-temperament children show distress?

    • 32
    • 12
    • 8
    • 20

19. Which is a strength of research into individual differences in child psychology?

    • It explains why children respond differently to the same experience, which can guide tailored support
    • It proves that the environment has no effect at all
    • It removes the need for any measurement of children
    • It shows that every child responds identically to every experience

20. What is a risk of ignoring individual differences in research on day care?

    • Average effects may hide important variation, leading to misleading conclusions
    • Averages always reflect every child perfectly
    • Ignoring differences makes the study more accurate
    • Individual differences never appear in averages

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