Lesson 7.3.1

7.3.1 van IJzendoorn and Kroonenberg, Cassibba, Gagnon-Oosterwaal and Li studies Quiz: Pearson Edexcel Psychology, Unit 7

20 questions

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Lesson 7.3.1, van IJzendoorn and Kroonenberg, Cassibba, Gagnon-Oosterwaal and Li studies: 20 multiple choice questions for the Pearson Edexcel Psychology (9PS0), Unit 7: Child psychology, written with Revision Ninja.

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The 20 questions

  1. What research method did van IJzendoorn and Kroonenberg (1988) use to combine findings from Strange Situation studies across countries?

    • A structured questionnaire given to parents
    • A laboratory experiment with random allocation
    • A longitudinal case study of one family
    • A meta-analysis of many Strange Situation studies

  2. In van IJzendoorn and Kroonenberg (1988), which attachment type was found to be the most common across the cultures studied?

    • Insecure-avoidant
    • Disorganised
    • Insecure-resistant
    • Secure

  3. Van IJzendoorn and Kroonenberg (1988) found that differences between cultures were smaller than what other kind of difference?

    • Differences between the individual children within each culture
    • Differences between genders within the same culture
    • Differences between the years in which the studies were run
    • Differences between the researchers who ran each study

  4. Why is a meta-analysis such as van IJzendoorn and Kroonenberg (1988) useful for testing whether attachment types are universal?

    • It pools many samples from different countries, so the pattern can be checked across cultures
    • It uses one large sample from a single country
    • It removes the need for any standard procedure like the Strange Situation
    • It guarantees that the results will be statistically significant

  5. A key limitation of a meta-analysis like van IJzendoorn and Kroonenberg (1988) is that it depends on which factor?

    • The age of the researcher who writes the summary
    • The quality and comparability of the original studies included
    • The number of participants who were paid for their time
    • The use of a double-blind procedure in every study

  6. Cassibba et al. (2013) investigated attachment 'the Italian way'. What is the main purpose of such a study in cross-cultural research?

    • To show that Italian children cannot be assessed with the Strange Situation
    • To identify a new attachment type that exists only in Italy
    • To measure the effect of day care on language development only
    • To test whether attachment patterns found elsewhere, such as in Ainsworth's work, apply to children in Italy

  7. Gagnon-Oosterwaal et al. (2012) studied 7-year-old international adoptees. Which variable were the researchers primarily interested in?

    • The children's scores on a test of pitch discrimination
    • The number of years each child spent in school
    • The amount of time each child spent with siblings
    • Pre-adoption adversity and self-reported behaviour problems

  8. A study finds that children who experienced greater adversity before adoption show more behaviour problems at age 7. What is the most appropriate conclusion?

    • Adversity before adoption causes behaviour problems in every child
    • There is a positive association between pre-adoption adversity and behaviour problems, so adversity may be a risk factor
    • Behaviour problems at age 7 cause the adversity before adoption
    • Adoption always prevents behaviour problems

  9. Li et al. (2013) examined timing of high-quality child care. Which statement best describes the question this study addresses?

    • Whether the age at which children receive high-quality care relates to their later cognitive and language development
    • Whether children can be sorted into attachment types from their day-care records
    • Whether attachment security predicts adult friendships
    • Whether parents prefer home care or day care in the first year of life

  10. Li et al. (2013) is described as a study of cognitive, language and pre-academic development. Which type of design is needed to examine whether earlier care is linked to later outcomes?

    • A content analysis of television programmes
    • A cross-sectional design measuring all children at a single point
    • A longitudinal design following children over time
    • A matched pairs experiment with random allocation to care

  11. Van IJzendoorn and Kroonenberg (1988) combined samples from different countries. Which weakness does this approach share with cross-cultural research in general?

    • It produces only qualitative data
    • It always gives identical results in every culture
    • It cannot compare any two cultures at all
    • Results may be confounded by differences in sampling, procedures and translation across cultures

  12. Which evaluation point about the use of the Strange Situation in cross-cultural attachment research is most valid?

    • It cannot classify children into secure or insecure categories
    • It is a perfectly neutral measure in every culture because it is standardised
    • It is only ever used with adults
    • It was designed in one culture, so cultural differences in behaviour may affect how children's responses are interpreted

  13. A researcher reanalyses data from 15 attachment studies and reports the average proportion of secure infants across them. Which statistic is the researcher reporting?

    • A measure of central tendency
    • A chi-squared value
    • A measure of dispersion
    • A correlation coefficient

  14. A study reports that secure attachment is the most common type in five countries, with insecure types varying by country. What does 'most common' refer to in this context?

    • The modal category, the attachment type that occurs most frequently in the sample
    • The number of researchers involved in the study
    • The lowest score on the Strange Situation
    • The median age at which children were tested

  15. Van IJzendoorn and Kroonenberg (1988) suggest that cultural differences in attachment may reflect what?

    • Differences in the genetic code of the children only
    • Random error in the way the Strange Situation was scored
    • Differences in child-rearing practices and the sensitivity of caregivers in different societies
    • Differences in the colour of the rooms used for testing

  16. Why might a study of adoptees such as Gagnon-Oosterwaal et al. (2012) be considered to have high ecological validity?

    • Because it studies real children and their actual adoption histories in everyday settings
    • Because it is conducted in a laboratory with controlled variables
    • Because it uses only one child who is closely observed
    • Because all variables are manipulated by the researcher

  17. Gagnon-Oosterwaal et al. (2012) studied adoptees at age 7. Why might the researchers have collected data from parents?

    • Because children aged 7 are unable to say anything about their behaviour
    • Because the study was not allowed to involve any child directly
    • Because parents' reports are always more accurate than observations
    • Because parents can give a reliable self-report about their own child's behaviour across many situations

  18. A study of day care and cognitive development is described as having a control group of children with no day care. Which feature of the design does this illustrate?

    • The use of a longitudinal design only
    • A matched pairs design with children paired on IQ
    • Naturalistic observation in the home
    • A baseline for comparison, so that any effect of day care can be judged against it

  19. Li et al. (2013) found that high-quality care was linked to better outcomes. A critic argues that families who choose high-quality care may differ in other ways. Which problem does this criticism identify?

    • The investigator effect
    • Confounding variables such as family income or parental education
    • Experimenter bias in scoring
    • Demand characteristics

  20. Taken together, what general conclusion do the four named studies in this area support about child development?

    • Day care always harms children's development
    • Attachment and development are shaped by early experience and context, though the effects vary across cultures and circumstances
    • Cross-cultural research cannot tell us anything useful about children
    • Attachment is entirely fixed at birth and cannot be affected by experience

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