3.2.4.3 Environment, health and well-being Quiz: AQA Geography, Unit 2

The 20 questions

1. The epidemiological transition describes:

   • A shift from urban populations to rural populations over time
   • A change in the language used by public health officials
   • A rise in the number of children born to each woman
   • A shift from infectious diseases as the main cause of death to chronic non-communicable diseases

2. Which statement about global mortality patterns is most accurate?

   • Infant mortality is the same in all countries regardless of income
   • Infant mortality is highest in wealthy suburbs with clean water
   • Infant mortality is highest in high-income countries with the most doctors
   • Infant mortality is much higher in low-income countries than in high-income countries

3. Which link between environment and disease is most direct in the case of malaria?

   • Cold, dry winters increase the spread of the malaria parasite
   • Malaria is transmitted through direct contact between people only
   • Malaria is caused by exposure to sunlight alone
   • Warm, wet conditions create breeding sites for the mosquito vector that transmits the parasite

4. Which measure is most effective in reducing malaria transmission in a high-risk area?

   • Exposure of residents to cold air at night
   • Encouraging people to stay outdoors at dusk without protection
   • Insecticide-treated bed nets combined with vector control and prompt treatment
   • Removing all standing water for one day only

5. Which pollutant is most strongly linked to respiratory illness in urban populations?

   • Oxygen, which is essential for breathing
   • Water vapour in humid air
   • Nitrogen gas, which makes up most of the atmosphere
   • Fine particulate matter (PM2.5)

6. Which link between water quality and disease is most accurate?

   • Only saltwater causes diseases in humans
   • Water quality has no link to disease outbreaks
   • Contaminated drinking water can spread waterborne diseases such as cholera and typhoid
   • Clean drinking water increases the spread of cholera

7. Which lifestyle factor is most closely linked to coronary heart disease?

   • Diet high in saturated fat combined with smoking and physical inactivity
   • Regular exercise and a diet rich in vegetables, which lower blood pressure and cholesterol while reducing the strain on the heart each year
   • Living at high altitude with clean air, since thin mountain air is said to protect the heart from disease over the long term
   • Sleeping in a cool room with fresh air, which keeps the body rested and is linked with a steady heart rate throughout the night

8. Which environmental variable is linked to the incidence of disease through drainage conditions?

   • The colour of building paint, since bright walls reflect sunlight and reduce the heat stress that can trigger illness in older residents
   • Average wind direction over a decade, which carries airborne pathogens across settlements and so determines local disease rates each year
   • The number of sunny days in a year, which affects vitamin D levels and so changes the risk of several chronic diseases
   • Topography, since poor drainage in low-lying land can increase water-related disease risk

9. Which statement best describes the link between economic development and non-communicable disease?

   • Rising incomes and lifestyle change often increase the prevalence of non-communicable diseases
   • Economic development always eliminates non-communicable disease, because rising incomes pay for care that cures chronic conditions
   • Non-communicable disease is unaffected by lifestyle, since diet, smoking and exercise have no measurable influence on chronic illness rates
   • Non-communicable disease only affects low-income countries, where poor diets and limited care leave residents most exposed

10. Which international body is most associated with coordinating global health responses and disease control?

    • International Monetary Fund
    • United Nations Environment Programme
    • World Trade Organization
    • World Health Organization

11. Which role do NGOs often play in health and disease control at the global scale?

    • Owning and operating all hospitals in every country, so that every health facility is run directly by the same international body
    • Setting national tax rates for healthcare funding, which determines how much each government spends on hospitals and clinics every year
    • Controlling global trade in pharmaceuticals, which sets the price and supply of every medicine sold across national borders each year
    • Delivering health services, vaccination campaigns and education in areas where state provision is limited

12. Which pattern best illustrates the relationship between air quality and health outcomes?

    • Higher rates of respiratory illness in clean rural air only, because fresh countryside air irritates the lungs more than urban pollution
    • Higher respiratory admissions during periods of high air pollution
    • Lower respiratory admissions during heavy smog episodes, since polluted air is thought to protect the lungs from infection
    • No link between air quality and respiratory admissions, since hospital records show pollution levels have no measurable effect

13. A malaria control scheme reduces the number of mosquitoes in a district. What is the most likely effect on the local disease incidence?

    • No change in malaria cases regardless of mosquito numbers, since the disease is spread mainly through contact between infected people
    • An increase in mosquito numbers due to the scheme, because control measures attract more insects to breed in the treated areas
    • A fall in malaria cases, assuming other factors remain the same
    • A rise in malaria cases because fewer mosquitoes are present, as the reduced vector population is replaced by more infected people nearby

14. Which argument best evaluates the view that the environment is the main cause of disease differences between countries?

    • Only genetics explain disease differences between countries, since inherited traits determine every health outcome regardless of place
    • Disease patterns are random and unrelated to any factor, so no policy on health, income or environment can influence outcomes
    • Environment matters, but socio-economic factors such as income, health care and sanitation strongly shape outcomes
    • Environment is the sole cause and socio-economic factors are irrelevant, because climate and terrain alone determine which diseases appear

15. Which combination of factors best explains a rise in the prevalence of asthma in urban areas?

    • Lower air pollution and cooler temperatures only, since clean cool air is known to raise asthma rates by drying the airways
    • Changes in the price of food alone, as cheaper food is thought to increase breathing problems by changing diets across the city
    • Air pollution, allergens and lifestyle factors that interact with the local physical environment
    • Only the presence of rural farmland, because open fields and crop dust are the sole cause of asthma in urban neighbourhoods

16. A district has high levels of stagnant water, poor sanitation and limited health care. Which health outcome is most likely?

    • A decline in infant mortality due to improved sanitation
    • Reduced incidence of all diseases due to poor access to care
    • Lower rates of disease because water is available
    • Higher rates of waterborne and vector-borne diseases

17. Which statement about global health inequality is most accurate?

    • Health outcomes are identical in all countries because of global medicine, which delivers the same treatment and results everywhere
    • Health outcomes depend only on the country's average temperature, with warmer nations always enjoying better health than colder ones
    • Health inequality only exists between countries, never within them, since every city within a nation shares the same health results
    • Health outcomes differ widely between countries and within them, reflecting income, environment and access to care

18. Country A has an infant mortality rate of 40 deaths per 1,000 live births and country B has 5 per 1,000. How many times higher is country A's rate?

    • 8 times
    • 4 times
    • 45 times
    • 35 times

19. A district near a busy road records 120 asthma cases per 1,000 residents, against 60 per 1,000 in a clean-air district. By what percentage does the first rate exceed the second?

    • 60%
    • 200%
    • 100%
    • 50%

20. Which argument best supports the claim that malaria control needs both environmental and social measures?

    • Environmental factors alone determine malaria, so social measures are unnecessary, since mosquito numbers decide each infection
    • Mosquito breeding depends on the environment, but bed net use and treatment access depend on social and economic conditions
    • Malaria is unaffected by any environmental or social factor, because the parasite spreads at random regardless of place or conditions
    • Malaria can only be controlled by making the climate colder, since mosquitoes cannot survive in regions where winter temperatures fall

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