3.2.3.3 Social and economic issues associated with urbanisation Quiz: AQA Geography, Unit 2

The 20 questions

1. Which term describes the spatial clustering of groups with shared characteristics, such as income or ethnicity, within a city?

   • Urban resurgence
   • Deindustrialisation
   • Counter-urbanisation
   • Social segregation

2. Economic inequality within cities is best measured by:

   • Counting the number of parks per square kilometre
   • Measuring average annual rainfall in each district
   • Recording the height of buildings in each zone
   • Comparing incomes or deprivation levels between areas and households

3. Cultural diversity in a city is best described as:

   • The presence of many ethnic, religious and lifestyle groups living within the same urban area
   • The number of cultural festivals held in a city each year only
   • The decline of all non-native languages in urban schools
   • A single dominant culture across all neighbourhoods

4. Which strategy most directly reduces social segregation in housing?

   • Mixed-tenure developments with affordable homes integrated among market-rate housing
   • Restricting all new housing to one income band
   • Building gated estates with limited public access
   • Removing all public services from low-income areas

5. Which feature is most typical of deprivation in an inner-city area of a British city?

   • Concentrated high-value office development only
   • Large detached houses with extensive gardens
   • High unemployment, poor housing and low levels of income
   • Widespread new rural farmland on the edge

6. A city's neighbourhoods show a clear divide between affluent districts with good services and poorer districts with weaker services. Which concept best describes this?

   • Counter-urbanisation
   • Enterprise zone development
   • Urban resurgence
   • Spatial inequality in access to services

7. Which measure would best show how segregated two groups are within a city?

   • The total area of parks in the city measured in hectares, divided by the number of residents living in each neighbourhood of the city
   • The number of schools in each district, counted in a single year and then compared against the number of pupils enrolled in each school
   • A dissimilarity index comparing the spread of the two groups across census areas
   • The average temperature of the city centre compared with the outer suburbs, recorded across each season of the year over several decades

8. Which argument best evaluates the view that urban economic inequality can be managed through policy alone?

   • Inequality is caused only by individual choices with no structural factors, so public policy has no role in narrowing income gaps
   • Policy can narrow gaps, but deep structural causes such as wage levels and housing supply often require long-term action
   • Inequality cannot be affected by any government action, since wages and housing are set entirely by private market forces
   • Policy always eliminates inequality within a decade, because a well-designed programme removes every structural cause at once

9. Which pattern would most likely result from gentrification in a low-income inner-city area?

   • An increase in council housing for newly arrived wealthy households, which lowers the cost of living for everyone already present
   • Expansion of farmland into former residential streets, which turns the neighbourhood back into agricultural use over several decades
   • Rising property prices and displacement of some existing lower-income residents
   • Falling rents and a rise in local low-income households, as new housing lets more poorer families move into the neighbourhood

10. A city introduces a community cohesion programme after tensions between groups in separate districts. What is the main aim of such programmes?

    • To build shared activities and networks that connect people from different backgrounds
    • To move all residents from one district into another, so that each community is relocated to a new area far from the city centre
    • To remove all cultural facilities from districts, so that residents share fewer public spaces and have less reason to meet
    • To ban migration into the city entirely, preventing newcomers from settling in any district until local tensions have fully settled

11. Which combination best describes the social issues associated with rapid urban growth in many low-income cities?

    • Concentrated investment in rural villages instead of cities, which draws public money away from urban areas and keeps growth low
    • Universal access to affordable housing for all residents, supported by planned building programmes that keep pace with population
    • Informal settlements with poor sanitation, overcrowding and limited access to services
    • Large detached suburbs with full infrastructure provision, where households enjoy good roads, drainage and a full range of services

12. Which strategy most directly tackles economic inequality between neighbourhoods?

    • Targeted investment in education, skills and jobs in the most deprived districts
    • Banning all businesses from opening in low-income districts, so that employment is concentrated in wealthier neighbourhoods only
    • Moving all employment into a single central district, which concentrates jobs far from the homes of most deprived residents
    • Restricting public spending to the wealthiest neighbourhoods, so that existing investment is protected where returns are highest

13. A neighbourhood's population becomes steadily more concentrated in one income group. Which process is most likely responsible?

    • Natural increase only, with no movement of households, so that the population of each district changes only through births and deaths
    • Residential sorting in which households move to areas matching their income
    • Uniform rent controls applied across all districts, which keep housing costs equal in every neighbourhood and remove price differences
    • Random redistribution of households by local authorities, which moves people between districts without regard to their incomes or needs

14. Which argument best supports the claim that social segregation has consequences beyond housing?

    • Segregation has no effect on education or employment, because people in every neighbourhood can reach the same schools and jobs
    • Segregation always improves social cohesion within the city, because shared identity inside each district strengthens local support
    • Segregation only affects those who choose to live apart, so residents who mix freely with other groups face no disadvantage
    • Segregated areas can limit access to schools, jobs and services, reinforcing disadvantage across generations

15. Which factor is most likely to increase cultural diversity in a city over time?

    • Decline in the number of cultural institutions such as theatres, libraries and community centres, leaving fewer places for groups to meet
    • Sustained in-migration from different countries and regions
    • Strict restrictions on new residents from all backgrounds, which keep the existing population fixed and stop any new groups settling
    • Universal adoption of a single household type across all neighbourhoods, making family structures and living patterns identical everywhere

16. Which pattern would indicate that a city's social segregation is decreasing?

    • Growth of gated enclaves restricted to one income group, separating households more sharply across the city's neighbourhoods each year
    • Rising concentration of one ethnic group in a single district, with its share of the city's population rising in that area each census
    • Increasing gaps between average incomes in neighbouring areas, so that wealthy and poor districts sit side by side more often than before
    • Groups becoming more evenly spread across neighbourhoods, with lower dissimilarity scores

17. A city council must choose between two strategies to reduce inequality: building new affordable homes in deprived districts or subsidising luxury housing in the centre. Which choice better reduces inequality, and why?

    • Subsidising luxury housing, because it raises total city income and so trickles down to lower-income households over time
    • Neither choice matters, because inequality is fixed by national policy alone and local housing decisions have no influence on it
    • Building affordable homes in deprived districts, because it adds housing where need is greatest
    • Subsidising luxury housing, because it reduces prices for everyone else by increasing the supply of homes across the whole market

18. The Index of Multiple Deprivation is used in Britain to:

    • Record the average age of council tenants in each ward, combined with the number of tenancies granted in each year for each estate
    • Rank small areas by combined measures of income, employment, health, education, crime, housing and environment
    • Measure average annual rainfall across each catchment, which is then used to plan flood defences for every river in the country
    • Count the number of listed buildings in each borough, using the count to set heritage funding for conservation areas across the country

19. A district has unemployment of 18% against a city average of 6%. How many times higher is the district's unemployment rate than the city average?

    • 3 times
    • 1.5 times
    • 12 times
    • 6 times

20. Which result would best indicate that a segregation policy has been effective over a ten-year period?

    • An average income gap between districts that doubles over the period, showing wealthy and poor areas drifting further apart over time
    • A dissimilarity index rising from 0.4 to 0.6, showing that the two groups have become more concentrated in separate areas over the period
    • A dissimilarity index falling from 0.6 to 0.4 across the period
    • A rise of half in the number of gated estates over the period, with more households choosing to separate themselves behind walls

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