Lesson 8.2.2

8.2.2 Cross-cultural research and data analysis in health psychology Quiz: Pearson Edexcel Psychology, Unit 8

20 questions

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Lesson 8.2.2, Cross-cultural research and data analysis in health psychology: 20 multiple choice questions for the Pearson Edexcel Psychology (9PS0), Unit 8: Health psychology, written with Revision Ninja.

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The 20 questions

  1. What is a major advantage of cross-cultural research on drug use for the nature-nurture debate?

    • It shows that all cultures have identical drinking habits
    • It removes the need for any statistical test
    • It proves that nurture has no role in any behaviour
    • Consistent patterns across cultures suggest a biological basis, while differences suggest environmental influence

  2. A cross-cultural study finds that alcohol use differs widely between two countries with similar genetic make-up. Which conclusion is best supported?

    • The study has proved that culture has no effect
    • Genes alone must explain the difference
    • Environmental and cultural factors are likely to contribute to differences in alcohol use
    • Alcohol use cannot differ between countries

  3. Why is it difficult to make valid comparisons in cross-cultural health research?

    • Measures and questions may have different meanings or translations in different cultures
    • Cultural comparisons always produce identical data
    • Cross-cultural research only uses animals
    • Health behaviours never vary between cultures

  4. A researcher reports the median number of drinks per week in a sample of 40 students. Which measure of central tendency is this?

    • The standard deviation
    • The range
    • The critical value
    • The median

  5. Weekly alcohol units for five people are 2, 4, 4, 6, 14. Which is the best measure of the typical value given the extreme score of 14?

    • The mean of 6
    • The median of 4
    • The mode of 14
    • The range of 12

  6. Using the same five weekly unit values of 2, 4, 4, 6 and 14, what is the range?

    • 14
    • 12
    • 4
    • 8

  7. A researcher wants to test whether the number of cigarettes smoked per day is related to the age of smokers, using ordinal data. Which test should be used?

    • Spearman's rho
    • Mann-Whitney U
    • Wilcoxon signed-ranks
    • Chi-squared test of independence on counts of cigarettes

  8. A researcher compares smoking frequency between two independent groups of adults who received different treatments. The data are ordinal. Which test is appropriate?

    • Wilcoxon signed-ranks
    • Pearson's correlation
    • Mann-Whitney U
    • Spearman's rho

  9. A researcher measures drinking before and after a campaign in the same participants. Which test is most appropriate for ordinal data?

    • Spearman's rho
    • Mann-Whitney U test
    • Chi-squared test
    • Wilcoxon signed-ranks test

  10. A chi-squared test on a 2x2 table gives an observed value of 5.2. The critical value at p≤.05 with 1 degree of freedom is 3.84. What is the conclusion?

    • The result is not significant because the observed value is below the critical value
    • The test is invalid because 5.2 is a whole number
    • Reject the null hypothesis, because the observed value exceeds the critical value
    • Accept the null hypothesis, because the observed value is larger than the critical value

  11. A researcher's Spearman's rho is 0.25 with a critical value of 0.38 at p≤.05 for the sample size. Which conclusion is correct?

    • The sample must be too large to test
    • The result is significant, so the null hypothesis is rejected
    • The result is not significant, so the null hypothesis is retained
    • The correlation is perfect

  12. Which statement about levels of significance is most accurate?

    • A p value of .05 means the hypothesis is 95 per cent proven
    • A p value of .05 means the study has no errors
    • A p value of .05 means the sample was 5 per cent of the population
    • A p value of .05 means there is a 5 per cent probability of obtaining the result if the null hypothesis is true

  13. A researcher rejects the null hypothesis when it is actually true. Which type of error has been made?

    • Sampling error only
    • Type I error
    • Type II error
    • Ecological error

  14. A researcher retains the null hypothesis when a real effect exists. Which error is this?

    • Demand characteristic
    • Type II error
    • Type I error
    • Operationalisation error

  15. Why would a researcher set a stricter significance level, such as p≤.01, rather than p≤.05?

    • To make it easier to find significant results
    • To reduce the risk of a Type I error
    • To remove the need for a critical value
    • To increase the risk of a Type I error

  16. A cross-cultural survey finds that men report more alcohol use than women in every country sampled. Which conclusion is most appropriate?

    • The results prove that biology is the only cause
    • Women cannot drink alcohol in any country
    • There is a consistent gender difference in self-reported drinking across these samples, although causes need further study
    • Gender causes alcohol use in every society

  17. A researcher calculates the mean alcohol consumption for a sample and finds it is 12 units per week with a standard deviation of 3. Which statement is correct?

    • Most scores lie within about 3 units of the mean
    • The median must be 3 units
    • All scores lie between 9 and 15 units
    • The sample is representative of the entire world

  18. A researcher's data are ordinal and not normally distributed, so they choose a non-parametric test. What does this decision reflect?

    • A choice to remove all outliers from the data
    • Awareness of the level of measurement and distribution of the data when choosing a test
    • A requirement that the sample must be larger than 1000
    • A mistake, because non-parametric tests can never be used

  19. A researcher finds a positive Spearman's rho between the age at which people first drink alcohol and their later alcohol use. Which conclusion is correct?

    • The result shows that age has no effect on drinking
    • There is no relationship between the two variables
    • Earlier drinking is associated with higher later use, but this does not prove that early drinking causes later use
    • Early drinking causes later use with certainty

  20. A researcher uses thematic analysis on interviews about drinking cultures across three countries. Which step is central to the method?

    • Measuring the range of the interview lengths
    • Calculating a mean for each interview
    • Identifying patterns of meaning across the data and grouping them into themes
    • Testing a directional hypothesis with a chi-squared test

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