Lesson 7.6.1
7.6.1 Issues and debates in child psychology Quiz: Pearson Edexcel Psychology, Unit 7
20 questions
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Lesson 7.6.1, Issues and debates in child psychology: 20 multiple choice questions for the Pearson Edexcel Psychology (9PS0), Unit 7: Child psychology, written with Revision Ninja.
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The 20 questions
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Which ethical tension is central to research with children, as set out in the issues and debates for child psychology?
- Comparing the mean and median of a data set
- Choosing between a laboratory and a field setting for every study
- Balancing children's rights to participate with their right to protection
- Deciding whether to use a male or female researcher for each session
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Which practical problem is specific to conducting a meta-analysis such as van IJzendoorn and Kroonenberg (1988)?
- Obtaining ethical approval for a laboratory study
- Comparing results from studies that used different procedures, samples and measures
- Writing an abstract that fits within a word limit
- Recruiting a large sample of volunteers who are willing to take part
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Why is it difficult to obtain objective data when using observation with young children?
- Observers may interpret behaviour in line with their expectations, so subjectivity can enter the data
- Children always behave the same way when watched
- Children cannot be observed at all
- Observations never produce any quantitative data
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How does reducing attachment to a single test such as the Strange Situation illustrate reductionism?
- It explains a complex relationship in terms of one simple measure, which may ignore other influences
- It proves attachment is caused by genes alone
- It makes the study more ecologically valid by using a real home
- It shows that attachment is only affected by the environment
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Ainsworth's and Bowlby's theories of attachment are compared in psychology. Which difference between them is most often discussed?
- Bowlby stressed the caregiver's role in an evolutionary context, whereas Ainsworth developed a way to classify attachment differences
- Both researchers studied only adult relationships
- Bowlby developed the Strange Situation, whereas Ainsworth developed the theory of monotropy
- Ainsworth argued that attachment is entirely genetic, whereas Bowlby argued it is entirely learned
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An evolutionary explanation of attachment suggests that attachment behaviours evolved because they helped infants do what?
- Develop language before the age of one
- Avoid all contact with strangers
- Learn to read at an early age
- Stay close to a caregiver and so gain protection and increase survival
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How does cross-cultural research on attachment help psychology address the nature-nurture debate?
- It proves that nurture has no role because all cultures are identical
- It removes the need to consider either nature or nurture
- Cultural differences in attachment suggest an environmental role, while similarities suggest a biological basis
- It shows that nature is irrelevant because children from all cultures behave in the same way
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Which statement best describes why psychology is sometimes questioned as a science when studying children?
- Because psychology uses no quantitative data at all
- Because all research on children is automatically controlled and objective
- Because children cannot be included in any scientific study
- Because findings from studies of children can be difficult to replicate and measure objectively in natural settings
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A researcher argues that the Strange Situation is culturally biased. Which evaluation point supports this argument?
- It was developed and standardised in one culture, so behaviours in other cultures may be judged against the wrong norms
- It has been applied to adults in every culture
- It is a laboratory study with no control group
- It uses only quantitative data, which is always biased
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A study of children's attachment uses only girls because they are easier to recruit. Which issue from the issues and debates does this illustrate?
- Ethical protection of children
- Reductionism in explaining behaviour
- Nature-nurture interaction
- Gender bias in research
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Which ethical principle is most relevant when a researcher asks a 6-year-old to take part in an observation in a classroom?
- Obtaining consent from an adult with responsibility for the child and ensuring the child can withdraw
- Deception so that the child behaves naturally
- Maximising the number of observations regardless of consent
- Recording the child's speech without anyone's knowledge
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A practical issue in observational research with children is the choice of time sampling or event sampling. Which problem is most likely with event sampling?
- It cannot be used with any children
- It always produces qualitative data only
- It records every behaviour at all times, so it is too quick
- It records behaviour only at fixed intervals, so rare events can be missed
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Comparing findings across cultures can address the 'psychology as a science' debate by allowing which of the following?
- Ruling out the use of experiments entirely
- Removing the need for any statistical analysis
- Testing whether findings are universal or culture-specific, which strengthens the claim to general laws
- Making all children behave in the same way
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Which statement best describes an issue of 'comparisons between ways of explaining behaviour' in child psychology?
- Measuring the height of children in different countries
- Using only one theory to explain every type of behaviour
- Evaluating how different theories, such as attachment explanations, account for the same behaviour and what each one emphasises
- Ignoring all theories because they are all the same
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Why does a researcher need to consider the ethics of a study as well as its practical design when working with children?
- Because ethics and practical design both affect whether a study is valid and whether children are protected from harm
- Because the ethics of a study rarely affects its validity or its effect on participants
- Because ethics only applies to adult participants
- Because practical design is only about the cost of the study
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A study uses a 'Strange Situation' type procedure in a lab. A critic says the setting is too artificial. Which evaluation point does this criticise?
- Ecological validity
- Reliability of the researcher
- Internal consistency of the questionnaire
- Objectivity of the statistical test
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Which issue links most directly to the nature-nurture debate in child psychology?
- Whether a sample should be random or volunteer
- Whether differences in attachment across cultures are due to genetic or environmental factors
- Whether observations should be overt or covert
- Whether researchers should use a questionnaire or interview
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Which design choice in a meta-analysis would reduce the effect of publication bias on the conclusions?
- Including only studies with statistically significant results
- Searching for and including unpublished studies alongside published ones
- Excluding all studies from countries outside Europe
- Using only studies that used the same sample size
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An argument that child psychology research is limited by reductionism would most strongly claim which of the following?
- Statistical tests are never used in child psychology
- Complex child development is being reduced to one or a few simple variables, which may miss the influence of context
- Research always uses too many variables to be understood
- Child development is entirely unaffected by environment
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Which statement about the interaction of nature and nurture in child development is most accurate?
- Nature and nurture always act independently of one another
- Genes alone determine all developmental outcomes
- The environment has no effect once a child is born
- Genes and environment interact, so the effect of one often depends on the other
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