Lesson 3.2.1.3.1

3.2.1.3.1 Bystander behaviour: presence of others and the cost of helping Quiz: AQA Psychology, Unit 5

20 questions

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Lesson 3.2.1.3.1, Bystander behaviour: presence of others and the cost of helping: 20 multiple choice questions for the AQA GCSE Psychology (8182), Unit 5: Social influence, written with Revision Ninja.

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The 20 questions

  1. What is the bystander effect?

    • People always help more when many others are present
    • People help only when they know the victim personally
    • People are more likely to help a victim when they are alone with them
    • People are less likely to help a victim when others are present

  2. What is diffusion of responsibility?

    • Feeling that others will act, so each person feels less need to act
    • Feeling that one must act alone, so each person takes full charge of the victim
    • Feeling that a victim is responsible for their own distress
    • Feeling that rewards for helping are shared out equally

  3. Which social factor increases the chance of helping?

    • Being the only person who witnesses the emergency
    • Being unsure whether the emergency is real because others are calm
    • Being one of many bystanders who could help
    • Being in a group where everyone looks distracted

  4. What is the cost of helping?

    • The money a bystander pays to call emergency services
    • The reward given to a helper by the victim
    • The time, effort, embarrassment or danger a helper might face by intervening
    • The price of medical care that the victim must pay afterwards

  5. How does a high cost of helping affect bystander behaviour?

    • It has no effect on bystander behaviour at all in public emergencies
    • It only affects children, not adults, in emergency situations at school
    • It reduces the likelihood of helping, especially when the situation seems risky
    • It increases helping, because people want to appear brave in front of others

  6. Which is a reason people may not help in a crowd?

    • Strong emotional attachment to the victim and a desire to stay with them
    • Pluralistic ignorance, where people look to others and assume nothing is wrong
    • Clear instructions from a supervisor about what to do in an emergency
    • Unlimited time to deliberate before acting in a fast-moving emergency

  7. Which is a social factor affecting bystander intervention?

    • Personality
    • Presence of others
    • Similarity to victim
    • Expertise

  8. A man collapses in a station with 20 people nearby. Based on the bystander effect, which outcome is most likely?

    • Help is less likely than if only one person were present
    • Help is unaffected by the number of people
    • Help will certainly occur within seconds
    • Help is more likely because there are many potential helpers

  9. A bystander thinks, 'Someone else will call for help.' Which concept is this?

    • Social loafing
    • Agentic state
    • Diffusion of responsibility
    • Deindividuation

  10. A passer-by is asked to help but the task would be dangerous. Which factor is most relevant?

    • Similarity to victim
    • Presence of others
    • Cost of helping
    • Expertise in first aid

  11. Why might someone with first-aid training be more likely to help?

    • Expertise lowers the perceived cost and uncertainty of helping, making action feel possible
    • Expertise means the helper will be paid for helping at the scene of the emergency
    • Expertise makes the helper more anxious about the victim, which leads them to run away
    • Expertise means the victim will not need help once the first-aid training is done

  12. A researcher finds people help more quickly when the victim is similar to them. Which factor is this?

    • Diffusion of responsibility
    • Cost of helping
    • Similarity to victim
    • Presence of others

  13. Which situation most reduces the diffusion of responsibility?

    • A single bystander being asked directly to help by name
    • A group where no leader has been identified
    • A large crowd all watching the victim quietly
    • A crowd where everyone is distracted by phones

  14. Evaluate the claim: 'Bystander behaviour depends only on the number of people present.'

    • This is correct, because helping is always a random event with no clear pattern
    • This is correct, because the number of people is the only social factor that matters
    • This is incomplete, because cost of helping and similarity to the victim also affect helping
    • This is incorrect, because bystanders never consider other people in the scene

  15. Why might a bystander in a large crowd fail to help even when concerned?

    • They are legally forbidden from helping in public places
    • They always assume the victim is faking the emergency
    • They may feel others are better placed to act
    • They are unable to see the victim in a crowd

  16. Which is the best example of pluralistic ignorance?

    • Bystanders leave because the victim asks them to
    • Bystanders stay still because a leader told them to wait
    • Bystanders stay still because none of them reacts
    • Bystanders help straight away because they all shout at once

  17. What is meant by 'presence of others' in bystander research?

    • The number of people who are the victim's family and close friends
    • The number of people who have first-aid training and could help the victim
    • The number of other people who could also help in the same situation
    • The amount of time others spend watching the event before they act

  18. A study finds people help more when the cost is low. Which prediction follows?

    • Low cost makes people stop helping altogether
    • People facing low costs will help more often than those facing high costs
    • Cost has no effect on helping in any study
    • People facing high costs will help more often than those facing low costs

  19. Which study design would best test the effect of presence of others on helping?

    • Asking participants to rate how caring they are in a questionnaire after the event
    • Interviewing victims about their feelings and needs after the event has finished
    • Watching one bystander only and recording their age and gender at the scene
    • Comparing helping rates when a victim is alone with rates when several bystanders are present

  20. What is a limitation of laboratory studies of the bystander effect?

    • Participants always help too quickly to be useful
    • Participants may know they are in a study
    • Participants cannot be observed by researchers
    • Bystander studies never use a victim, so they cannot measure helping

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