3.2.1.3 International trade and access to markets Quiz: AQA Geography, Unit 2

The 20 questions

1. International trade is best described as:

   • The movement of tectonic plates along a subduction zone, which recycles crust into the mantle
   • The exchange of volcanic ash between regions after an eruption disperses material across continents
   • The transfer of soil nutrients within an ecosystem through decomposition and root uptake
   • The exchange of goods and services between countries, shaped by economic and political factors

2. Which statement about global trade patterns is most accurate?

   • Trade occurs only between neighbouring countries that share a land border or a short sea route
   • Trade is concentrated among highly developed economies and emerging major economies, with lower volumes for many less developed economies
   • Trade is evenly divided among all countries of the world, with each state accounting for a similar share of the total
   • Trade has no significant pattern, since goods move between countries at random according to demand

3. Which of these is an emerging major economy often cited in trade patterns?

   • Vanuatu, a small Pacific island state whose trade is limited mainly to copra and timber products
   • Monaco, a small principality on the Mediterranean coast whose economy depends largely on tourism
   • China
   • Iceland, a small island nation whose exports are dominated by fish products and aluminium smelting

4. Differential access to markets refers to:

   • Unequal ability of countries to sell goods in other markets, often shaped by trade agreements and development level
   • Access to markets only for raw materials, which are the only goods that countries are allowed to export
   • The same access to markets for every country, regardless of tariffs, agreements or development level
   • Restrictions only on imports into a country's home market, with no barriers to exports at all

5. Which factor most affects a developing country's access to rich-country markets?

   • Its distance from mid-ocean ridges, which determines how much volcanic material reaches its soils
   • Its number of active volcanoes, which determines the reliability of its export shipments
   • The colour of its national flag, which signals its political alignment to trading partners
   • Trade barriers and tariffs imposed by importing countries

6. What is the main role of a transnational corporation (TNC) in trade?

   • Managing national volcano monitoring on behalf of governments in regions prone to eruptions
   • Acting as a charity distributing aid to poorer countries under the terms of international agreements
   • Organising production, sourcing and marketing across several countries
   • Operating only in its home country, selling goods to domestic customers and avoiding foreign markets

7. Which spatial feature is typical of TNC organisation?

   • Activities spread evenly over all continents, with no concentration in any location at all
   • Production split across several countries with headquarters in one, depending on cost and market
   • Production limited to a single village, which allows the company to manage all its operations locally
   • Every activity located in one country only, so that all research, production and sales take place in one place

8. Which statement about TNC impacts on host countries is most supported?

   • They always improve the environment of host countries, since they bring modern technology that reduces pollution
   • They never bring jobs to host countries, because all of their workers are recruited from the home country
   • They have no impact on host countries, which are unaffected by the investment and trade of foreign firms
   • They can bring jobs and investment, but may also create dependence and environmental costs

9. Which of these is a linkage typical of a TNC's operations?

   • Supply chains connecting raw materials, factories and retail outlets across countries
   • Lava flows from a shield volcano, which spread slowly across the lower slopes of the mountain
   • Storm surges affecting a coastline, which flood low-lying land during tropical cyclones
   • Plates moving along a mid-ocean ridge, which create new crust as they separate from one another

10. Which statement best explains why trade affects people's lives across the globe?

    • Trade affects only the weather, through the shipping routes that carry goods across the oceans
    • Trade only affects governments, which set tariffs but do not change the lives of individual people
    • Trade links consumers and producers across the world, affecting prices, jobs and living standards
    • Trade has no effect on people outside the country where goods are made, since local markets are isolated

11. A food commodity such as cocoa is traded globally. Which consequence is most likely for producers in a developing country?

    • Price volatility and dependence on distant buyers can affect incomes
    • Complete independence from world markets, since producers sell only to local buyers in their own region
    • Guaranteed high prices in all years, since global demand for the commodity never changes significantly
    • No effect on local incomes, because world prices do not reach the farmgate level of the producers

12. Which factor helps explain why some countries have more access to markets than others?

    • Number of mountains in the country, which controls the ease of transport to coastal ports
    • Presence of volcanic soils, which determines the amount of agricultural produce a country can export
    • Distance from the equator alone, which determines which countries can export tropical goods to the world
    • Membership of trade agreements and levels of economic development

13. Which statement best evaluates the effects of trade agreements on developing countries?

    • Trade agreements only benefit the country that signs them with no others involved in the outcome
    • Trade agreements have no effect on developing countries, which are excluded from the rules set by richer states
    • Trade agreements always protect all developing country producers from competition, since they guarantee a fixed share of markets
    • Agreements can open markets but may also expose local producers to strong competition

14. A manufacturing product is made in three countries and sold in a fourth. Which concept best describes this?

    • Global value chains linking production across several countries
    • Single-country manufacturing, in which the entire product is made in one factory and sold domestically
    • Local self-sufficiency, in which all goods are produced and consumed within a single small community
    • Subsistence farming, in which families grow and consume their own food without any market exchange

15. Which of these is a key feature of trade between large developed economies?

    • Trade with no tariffs or barriers at any point, since the richest countries never restrict imports
    • Trade dominated by subsistence goods, which are produced and consumed by households in each country
    • High volumes of trade in manufactured goods and services
    • Trade in volcanic ash only, which is exchanged for the building materials needed in the reconstruction of cities

16. Which statement about trade between developed and less developed economies is most accurate?

    • It always involves high-technology exports from less developed economies to the richest countries
    • It involves only services from developed economies, which export nothing physical to poorer countries
    • It never occurs, because developed and less developed economies trade only within their own groups
    • It often involves exports of raw materials or primary products from less developed economies

17. Which evaluation best reflects the consequences of trade for well-being?

    • Trade can raise incomes and choice but can also create inequalities if gains are unevenly shared
    • Trade only affects wealthy people, who alone are able to buy imported goods and travel abroad
    • Trade always reduces incomes everywhere, since imports replace local jobs and lower wages across the board
    • Trade has no effect on well-being, which depends only on the level of government spending in each country

18. A country exports mainly raw materials and imports manufactured goods. Which trade pattern does this describe?

    • A pattern in which the country exports only high-technology goods to the richest economies in the world
    • A pattern with no trade at all, since the country neither exports nor imports any goods or services
    • A pattern in which the country depends on exporting primary goods while importing higher-value products
    • A pattern in which the country is self-sufficient, producing all of its own goods without any imports

19. Which measure best captures the volume of international trade?

    • The total value of exports and imports over a period
    • The number of volcanoes in a region, which indicates the amount of mineral resources that may be traded
    • The number of biomes in a continent, which reflects the diversity of goods that can be traded
    • The average depth of the ocean, which determines the size of the shipping routes between continents

20. Which of these is a benefit of access to global markets for a producer?

    • Access to a larger customer base, which can increase sales and income
    • Guaranteed elimination of all competition, since global markets remove rivals from every country
    • Immunity from changes in world prices, since producers are shielded from every international market shock
    • A permanent reduction in costs for all inputs, which are always cheaper when bought from abroad

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