Lesson 2.3.1

2.3.1 Baddeley, Schmolck, Steyvers and Hemmer, and Sebastian and Hernandez-Gil studies Quiz: Pearson Edexcel Psychology, Unit 2

20 questions

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Lesson 2.3.1, Baddeley, Schmolck, Steyvers and Hemmer, and Sebastian and Hernandez-Gil studies: 20 multiple choice questions for the Pearson Edexcel Psychology (9PS0), Unit 2: Cognitive psychology, written with Revision Ninja.

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The 20 questions

  1. What was the main aim of Baddeley's 1966 study of word sequences?

    • To investigate the influence of acoustic and semantic similarity on memory for word sequences
    • To investigate the effect of caffeine on reaction times in a standard visual search task
    • To investigate the effect of colour on the visual memory of participants in a laboratory setting
    • To investigate the effect of sleep on the recall of word lists over a single night of testing

  2. In Baddeley's 1966 study, which type of similarity mainly affected short-term memory?

    • Emotional similarity, since words with similar emotional tone were confused in short-term recall
    • Visual similarity, since words that looked alike were confused in short-term recall
    • Semantic similarity, since words with similar meanings were confused in short-term recall
    • Acoustic similarity, since words that sounded alike were confused in short-term recall

  3. In Baddeley's 1966 study, which type of similarity mainly affected long-term memory?

    • Visual similarity, since words that looked alike were confused in long-term recall
    • Tactile similarity, since words that were written with similar pens were confused in long-term recall
    • Acoustic similarity, since words that sounded alike were confused in long-term recall
    • Semantic similarity, since words with similar meanings were confused in long-term recall

  4. What does Baddeley's 1966 study suggest about how information is coded in short-term and long-term memory?

    • Both stores use only a motor code, so the way words are spoken makes no difference to either store at all
    • Short-term memory mainly uses an acoustic code and long-term memory mainly uses a semantic code
    • Both stores use only a visual code, so the way words sound or mean makes no difference to either store
    • Short-term memory mainly uses a semantic code and long-term memory mainly uses an acoustic code

  5. Which memory model does Baddeley's 1966 study link with its findings on coding?

    • The schema model, since the different coding for short-term and long-term stores matches its schema structure
    • The multi-store model, since the different coding for short-term and long-term stores matches its structure
    • The levels of processing model, since it describes only the shallow visual processing of words in memory
    • The episodic and semantic model, since it describes only the sensory store in the brain in detail

  6. In Baddeley's experimental design, what was the independent variable?

    • The type of list, such as acoustically similar, acoustically dissimilar, semantically similar or semantically dissimilar words
    • The participant's age, which was used to compare recall between young and old participants in the study
    • The time of day at which the participants completed the memory test in the laboratory
    • The number of trials completed by each participant, which varied across the experimental conditions

  7. What was a likely dependent variable in Baddeley's 1966 study?

    • The type of list presented to the participant, which was the factor manipulated by the researcher
    • The number of participants who withdrew from the study before its completion in the laboratory
    • The colour of the room in which the participants were tested, which was recorded by the researcher
    • The number or order of words correctly recalled by each participant in each list condition

  8. What is an evaluation point about Baddeley's 1966 study?

    • It is a field study, so it has no control over variables but full ecological validity for memory in daily life
    • It is a correlational survey, so no causal conclusions about coding can be drawn from its data at all
    • It is a case study of a single patient, so its findings cannot be applied to any other individual at all
    • It is a controlled laboratory study, so it has good internal validity but may lack ecological validity

  9. Which conclusion would be unwarranted from Baddeley's 1966 findings?

    • That semantic similarity affects recall of word lists in long-term memory more than acoustic similarity does
    • That short-term and long-term memory appear to rely on different codes for the same words in the study
    • That all memory is stored in one single unified store without any distinction between codes
    • That acoustic similarity affects recall of word lists in short-term memory more than semantic similarity does

  10. Which study method did Baddeley use to test memory for word lists?

    • A longitudinal study of children's memory development over many years of school in a single town
    • A naturalistic observation of people recalling shopping lists in a supermarket with no control at all
    • A laboratory experiment with word lists and recall tests across different list conditions
    • A case study of a patient with hippocampal damage, who was asked to recall word lists in clinical sessions

  11. What was the purpose of including acoustically similar and dissimilar word lists?

    • To test whether participants could tell the words apart by their colour when presented on the screen
    • To test whether words of different lengths are recalled more slowly by older participants in the study
    • To test whether participants could recall the words in reverse order when they were presented in lists
    • To test whether sound-alike words are confused more often in short-term recall than sound-different words

  12. What would a researcher predict if short-term memory relies on acoustic coding?

    • Recall would be perfect for all words, since short-term memory has unlimited capacity for all types of material
    • Recall of acoustically similar words would be poorer than recall of acoustically dissimilar words in short-term tasks
    • Recall of acoustically similar and dissimilar words would be identical, since sound has no effect on any memory
    • Recall of acoustically similar words would be better than recall of acoustically dissimilar words in short-term tasks

  13. Which of these is a valid conclusion from Baddeley's 1966 study?

    • The type of coding used in memory depends only on the colour of the words, not on their sound or meaning at all
    • The type of coding used in memory depends on the store, with acoustic coding in short-term and semantic in long-term
    • The type of coding used in memory depends only on the age of the participant, with no role for the store itself
    • The type of coding used in memory does not matter, since all memory is processed in exactly the same way always

  14. Why is Baddeley's 1966 study regarded as a classic study in cognitive psychology?

    • It showed that all memory is unreliable, so the field abandoned all studies of memory after its publication
    • It showed that memory is determined by genes alone, so later models focused only on genetic factors
    • It provided evidence for different coding in short-term and long-term memory, shaping later memory models
    • It was the first study of memory ever published, and it has no relevance to any later models or theories

  15. Which of these is a limitation of Baddeley's 1966 study?

    • Word lists are always randomly chosen from a large population, so the sample is fully representative of all adults
    • Word lists are always recalled with perfect accuracy, so the study has no measurement error at all
    • Word lists are artificial stimuli, so generalising to everyday memory may be limited
    • Word lists are natural stimuli used in everyday life, so the findings apply to all memory tasks exactly

  16. A researcher replicates Baddeley's study but uses pictures instead of words. Which is the most important consideration?

    • Whether the pictures are larger than the words, since size is the only dimension that affects memory in pictures
    • Whether the pictures are the same colour, since colour is the only dimension that affects memory in pictures
    • Whether the pictures can be named aloud, since naming is the only way pictures are ever stored in memory
    • Whether the pictures differ in a similar way to the acoustic and semantic dimensions of the words

  17. Which description best matches the 'semantic' coding that Baddeley linked to long-term memory?

    • Storing the sound of words, so that words that rhyme or sound alike are confused in recall
    • Storing the visual shape of words, so that words with similar letters are confused in recall
    • Storing the physical movements of speech, so that words requiring similar movements are confused in recall
    • Storing the meaning of words, so that words with related meanings are confused in recall

  18. Which of these explains why acoustically similar words were confused in Baddeley's short-term task?

    • Emotional similarity causes confusion between words that carry similar feelings when stored in memory
    • Semantic similarity causes confusion between words with similar meanings when stored using a semantic code
    • Visual similarity causes confusion between words that look alike when stored using a visual code
    • Acoustic similarity causes confusion between words that sound alike when stored using an acoustic code

  19. Which assumption would Baddeley's results challenge if they were found consistently?

    • That short-term memory is limited in capacity, which has been found consistently in many other studies
    • That semantic similarity affects long-term recall, which has been found consistently in many other studies
    • That acoustic similarity affects short-term recall, which has been found consistently in many other studies
    • That all memory uses the same code, regardless of whether it is short-term or long-term

  20. Which conclusion about Baddeley's study is most cautious?

    • The findings suggest different codes for short-term and long-term memory, but word lists may not fully reflect everyday memory
    • The findings prove that all memory works in exactly the same way, so no other study is needed on the topic
    • The findings prove that short-term memory is the same as sensory memory, so no difference between them exists
    • The findings prove that long-term memory has no code at all, so semantic information is never stored there

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