Lesson 3.1.1.3.2

3.1.1.3.2 Bartlett's War of the Ghosts study Quiz: AQA Psychology, Unit 1

20 questions

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Lesson 3.1.1.3.2, Bartlett's War of the Ghosts study: 20 multiple choice questions for the AQA GCSE Psychology (8182), Unit 1: Memory, written with Revision Ninja.

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The 20 questions

  1. What was the main material used in Bartlett's War of the Ghosts study?

    • A set of drawings of everyday objects shown one after another in a fixed order
    • A Native American folk story that was unfamiliar to his British participants
    • A short film showing a car crash, shown at different speeds to different groups
    • A list of unrelated words read aloud at a steady pace to each participant in turn

  2. Why was an unfamiliar story chosen in Bartlett's study?

    • Participants were very familiar with it, so they could recall it in full and in exact detail
    • It was long, so it could test the capacity of short-term memory directly in the participants
    • It was built from a list of words, so it could test serial recall of each item in the list
    • Participants had no existing schema for it, so the effects of prior knowledge on recall could be seen

  3. What did Bartlett find happened to the story when it was reproduced?

    • It became a list of unrelated events, with the order of the story lost completely in recall
    • It became longer, with more unfamiliar details added in each reproduction by participants
    • It became shorter and more coherent, with unfamiliar details changed or removed
    • It stayed the same length and wording, showing that recall is an exact copy of the input

  4. What is a repeated reproduction in Bartlett's study?

    • Presenting the story in a different language on each occasion it was read to the participant
    • Reading the story aloud to the participant several times in a single session with no break
    • Asking participants to draw the story instead of writing or speaking it back after a delay
    • Recalling the story again after a delay, with the same participant recalling it several times over

  5. A participant replaces an unfamiliar object in the story with a more familiar one. Which explanation fits Bartlett's findings?

    • The participant coded the unfamiliar word acoustically, so a similar-sounding familiar word was recalled
    • The participant recalled the familiar word from sensory memory, where it was the first image seen
    • Unfamiliar material was altered to match the participant's own schema for everyday objects
    • The participant rehearsed the familiar word more than the unfamiliar one, so it replaced the other

  6. Why do Bartlett's findings suggest that schemas guide what is remembered?

    • Participants recalled every detail because the story matched their existing knowledge perfectly
    • Participants forgot the story in the same order on each occasion, showing a fixed serial position effect
    • Participants stored the story as a sensory image, which was reduced by rehearsal of familiar parts
    • Participants filled gaps with familiar expectations, so recall was shaped by what they already knew

  7. A researcher repeats the study with a story full of supernatural beings. Which result is most consistent with reconstruction?

    • The story is recalled in full after a single reading only, with no changes at any later occasion
    • The story is recalled in reverse order, with the supernatural references placed at the start instead
    • The supernatural references are reduced or replaced over repeated recall, making the story more conventional
    • The story is recalled word for word each time, with the supernatural references kept intact throughout

  8. Why would a participant who read the story only once be unlikely to recall it exactly after a long delay?

    • A single reading is always stored in short-term memory, which lasts about a year at most
    • Recall after a long delay is rebuilt from schemas, which changes the story as it is reconstructed
    • A single reading is stored as a list of words, which is always lost completely after a year
    • A single reading lasts only a few seconds in the sensory store, so no trace survives the delay

  9. Which conclusion from Bartlett's study best supports the idea that memory is an active process?

    • Recall depends on the number of items in the story, which must be under seven to be recalled
    • Recall stays the same across reproductions, showing that the input is copied exactly into memory
    • Recall is better for the start and end of the story than for its middle section that was read
    • Recall changes systematically towards what makes sense to the participant, rather than being an exact copy of input

  10. How does serial reproduction differ from repeated reproduction by one individual?

    • In serial reproduction the story is read to a group at the same time, with no delay before recall
    • In serial reproduction one person recalls the story many times, each time learning it from the previous recall
    • In serial reproduction each person retells the story heard from the previous person, so changes build up
    • In serial reproduction the story is recalled in pictures only, so no words can be changed or lost

  11. How did Bartlett describe the way participants made the story meaningful?

    • Serial rehearsal, repeating the story in a fixed order until it is fully stored in memory
    • Effort after meaning, a drive to make sense of unfamiliar material
    • Chunking, grouping the story into small units of about seven items each for recall later
    • Sensory coding, storing the story as a visual image in a fixed order that is then recalled

  12. Which change to the story best shows effort after meaning?

    • A story with a long list of names was recalled in exact order on each occasion of recall
    • A story with a strong rhythm was remembered better in the middle than at its start or end
    • A story with clear numbers was recalled with the numbers placed in reverse order by participants
    • An unusual ending was changed into a more conventional ending during repeated recall

  13. Which measure would best show reconstruction in a class repeat of Bartlett's study?

    • Counting how many words each participant could say in a single minute of recall of the story
    • Timing how quickly each participant read the story aloud during the first reading of the story
    • Measuring the height of the serial position curve for each participant's list of story words
    • Comparing each recall with the original story to count omissions, additions and changes

  14. Bartlett's findings are a challenge to which earlier view of memory?

    • Murdock's view that free recall shows only primacy and recency effects and nothing else
    • The view that memory is a stored copy that is transferred and retrieved unchanged
    • Gregory's view that illusions are caused by misread depth cues in the visual field
    • Gibson's view that perception needs no inference because the environment is rich in information

  15. Which story features were most likely to be changed in Bartlett's study?

    • Familiar, everyday details that matched the participants' expectations about the world around them
    • Unfamiliar, culturally unusual details that did not fit the participants' expectations
    • The first and last sentences, because they are recalled best in any kind of memory at all
    • Numbers and dates, because they are always coded acoustically in long-term memory by learners

  16. A participant recalls a story but adds an ending that matches their own culture. What is this best called?

    • Retrieval failure, a missing cue that stops the original ending from being found in memory
    • Rationalisation, a change that makes the story fit existing expectations
    • Rehearsal, a repetition that keeps the original ending of the story in long-term memory
    • Decay, a loss of the original ending from the sensory store before the story was recalled

  17. Why might the reproductions in Bartlett's study be shorter than the original story?

    • Details that were hard to make sense of were left out, because they did not fit a schema
    • Details were stored in the sensory store, which can only hold a few seconds of the story
    • Details were lost because the short-term store holds only seven items of the story in full
    • Details were lost because the story was rehearsed in the same order on each occasion of recall

  18. Why did recall in Bartlett's study change over time rather than staying fixed?

    • Memory decays from the sensory store after each recall, so details are replaced by new ones
    • Memory is stored as a fixed copy, and retrieval adds small errors each time it is carried out
    • Interference from the story's later part pushes out the earlier details of the story from memory
    • Memory is rebuilt at each recall using schemas, so the account drifts towards what is familiar

  19. Which result from Bartlett's study would count most strongly against a fixed-copy view of memory?

    • Changes to the story that were consistent in direction, towards more familiar and conventional forms
    • Recall was poorer for the story's middle section than for its start and end, as a fixed copy predicts
    • Recall lasted longer for familiar stories than for the unfamiliar story used in the study
    • Some participants recalled the story word for word, which shows that exact copies are possible

  20. Who were the participants in Bartlett's War of the Ghosts study?

    • Children who were shown the story as a series of pictures in a school classroom setting
    • Students who were taught the story in a formal class lesson before being tested on it
    • Native American participants who knew the folk story from childhood in their own community
    • British participants who were unfamiliar with the Native American folk story they read

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