4.2.6.5 Employment, education, health, demographic change and gender Quiz: AQA Sociology, Unit 2

The 20 questions

1. What is the 'demographic transition' model?

   • A model in which societies move from high birth and death rates to low birth and death rates as they develop
   • A model in which societies move from low birth rates to high birth rates as they become more urbanised over time
   • A model in which societies keep death rates high while birth rates fall steadily as income rises across the population
   • A model in which societies move from large cities to rural areas as their economies industrialise and decline

2. Which stage of the demographic transition is characterised by falling death rates while birth rates remain high, causing rapid population growth?

   • The post-transition stage, in which birth rates rise again as families seek to increase the size of households
   • The pre-industrial stage, in which both birth and death rates are stable and population size barely changes
   • The early expanding stage, in which death rates fall before birth rates
   • The late stage, in which both birth and death rates are low and population size is roughly stable

3. Which factor is most strongly associated with falling fertility rates in developing countries, according to research?

   • Female education and access to family planning, which can lower desired and actual family size
   • The abolition of all health care for mothers, which reduces the number of births in every country affected
   • Increasing dependence on child labour, which encourages families to have more children to add to the household
   • Rising infant mortality, which leads families to have fewer children because they expect the children to survive

4. What does 'life expectancy at birth' measure?

   • The number of years a person spends in paid employment across their working life in a single country
   • The number of children that a woman is expected to have across her reproductive years in a given population
   • The average number of years a newborn is expected to live if current age-specific mortality rates continue
   • The number of years a person spends in full-time education, from primary school to the end of university study

5. A country has 1,000 live births in a year and 40 infant deaths under one year old. What is its infant mortality rate per 1,000 live births?

   • 4 per 1,000 live births
   • 400 per 1,000 live births
   • 40 per 1,000 live births
   • 25 per 1,000 live births

6. Which pattern is most often reported in the employment of women in developing countries?

   • Women are equally likely to be in formal employment as men, so gender has no effect on the types of work done
   • Women are more likely than men to work in informal, low-paid or unpaid employment, such as family labour in agriculture
   • Women are more likely than men to be employed in state-funded jobs with full pensions and guaranteed career progression
   • Women are more likely than men to hold senior management posts in the formal economy in most developing countries

7. What is meant by the 'informal sector' of employment?

   • Economic activity that is not registered, taxed or protected by formal employment regulations, such as street trading or casual labour
   • Employment that is carried out only in schools and universities, where staff are not paid through formal payroll systems
   • Employment in multinational corporations that use the same contracts and rules in every country where they operate
   • Employment that is carried out only by government officials who are not required to register their posts with any authority

8. Which factor is most often linked to improvements in child health in developing countries?

   • Greater reliance on traditional remedies only, which removes the need for any form of clinical care for children
   • Lower investment in local clinics, which encourages families to rely more on their own health knowledge
   • Higher rates of child labour, which keeps children active and improves their physical strength and general health
   • Better maternal education, clean water, sanitation and access to basic health care

9. Which concept describes the way that the absence of girls and women in population data, due to sex-selective mortality or lack of access to health care, is reflected in population counts?

   • Dependency ratio, which describes the number of dependants for every 100 people of working age in a population
   • Replacement fertility, which describes the number of children needed per woman for population size to remain stable
   • Missing women, as described by Amartya Sen
   • Demographic dividend, which describes the economic benefits that arise when the working-age population is large relative to dependants

10. Which claim about gender and development is most consistent with the evidence from developing countries?

    • Investing in girls' education reduces the wellbeing of families, because educated women are always less likely to work
    • Investing in girls' education tends to improve health, employment prospects and the wellbeing of families and communities
    • Investing in girls' education has no effect on health or employment, because gender roles are fixed in every society
    • Investing in girls' education only benefits boys in the same family, because girls gain nothing from schooling in any case

11. What is the 'dependency ratio' in demographic analysis?

    • The number of people below working age and above retirement age for every 100 people of working age
    • The share of household income that is spent on food and basic goods, compared with the share spent on luxuries
    • The number of children born per woman, adjusted for the number of women in the population who are of childbearing age
    • The share of the population that is employed in agriculture, compared with the share employed in manufacturing

12. Which demographic change is associated with a 'demographic dividend' for a country's economy?

    • A large number of children relative to adults, which reduces the number of people available to work in any sector
    • A large working-age population relative to dependants, following falling fertility, if jobs and skills are available
    • A large elderly population relative to workers, which increases the number of pensions that the state must pay each year
    • A decline in life expectancy across all age groups, which reduces the cost of health care for the entire population

13. Which concept describes women's unpaid domestic and caring work, which is often excluded from official measures of employment and income?

    • Formal employment, which describes paid work in registered businesses that are regulated by state employment law
    • Public employment, which describes paid work in government departments, schools and hospitals funded by taxation
    • Unpaid care work, which is essential to household welfare but usually not counted in economic statistics
    • Self-employment, which describes work carried out on the worker's own account without a contract of employment

14. Which factor is most commonly cited as limiting girls' access to education in some developing countries?

    • Girls having no interest in learning, which means they are never enrolled in any school in any developing country
    • Girls being more intelligent than boys, which means they are placed in schools for the most gifted children only
    • Household poverty, early marriage, distance to school and expectations about the domestic roles of girls
    • Girls being legally barred from all forms of education, which is the policy of every country in the developing world

15. Which conclusion best follows from the observation that falling fertility and rising female education often occur together?

    • Education increases fertility, because educated women always have more children than uneducated women in every country
    • Education may change women's opportunities and preferences, which can contribute to lower fertility alongside other social changes
    • Fertility falls only because governments ban births, so education has no independent role in the pattern at all
    • Education has no link to fertility, because the number of children a woman has is determined entirely by her genes

16. Which concept describes an economic and social pattern in which women's contribution to paid work is limited, while they carry most of the caring responsibilities?

    • The social division of property, in which men and women hold separate legal rights to land and property in marriage
    • The fixed division of age, in which younger people are assigned unpaid work and older people are assigned paid work
    • The sexual division of trade, in which men and women trade goods separately in different local markets each week
    • The gendered division of labour, in which paid and unpaid work are allocated differently between men and women

17. Evaluate the claim that improving health and education alone will close the gender gap in development.

    • The claim is confirmed by the fact that women and men have equal outcomes in every country that has improved its health care
    • The claim is incomplete, since employment opportunities, legal rights, unpaid care and social norms also shape gender outcomes
    • The claim is irrelevant, because gender gaps in development do not exist in any country of the world at any time
    • The claim is fully proven, because health and education are the only factors that influence any gender outcome in society

18. Which conclusion best follows from the view that employment, education, health, demographic change and gender are interrelated aspects of development?

    • Development policy need not address any of these areas, since development occurs naturally with economic growth alone
    • Development policy should address only employment, since every other aspect of development follows automatically from jobs
    • Development policy should address only demographic change, since population size determines all other outcomes
    • Development policy should address these areas together, since progress in one can affect progress in the others

19. Why is female labour force participation treated as important for development?

    • It measures the number of hours women spend on unpaid care each week, which is always recorded in national accounts
    • It affects household income, economic growth and gender equality, since women's paid work changes family wellbeing
    • It measures the number of women legally allowed to vote in national elections, which tracks political equality in the state
    • It measures the proportion of women who stand for public office in local councils, which tracks representation in government

20. Which type of work is most common among poor women in many developing countries?

    • Self-employed or informal work, such as petty trading, home-based production and casual agricultural labour
    • Public sector jobs in national ministries, which are the largest source of formal employment for women in the region
    • Senior management in multinational corporations, which provides high pay and long contracts in most developing economies
    • Full-time professional work in banks and law firms, which is the most common form of paid employment for women

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