4.2.6.4 Aid, trade, industrialisation, urbanisation, environment and war Quiz: AQA Sociology, Unit 2

The 20 questions

1. What is the difference between bilateral and multilateral aid?

   • Bilateral aid is always repaid with interest, while multilateral aid is always a free gift with no repayment terms attached
   • Bilateral aid goes only to middle-income countries, while multilateral aid goes only to the poorest countries in the world
   • Bilateral aid is paid by private charities only, while multilateral aid is paid by national governments acting alone in every case
   • Bilateral aid flows directly from one government to another, while multilateral aid is pooled through international agencies

2. What is 'tied aid'?

   • Aid that is paid in the form of food only, so that recipient countries cannot use the money to buy anything at all
   • Aid that is distributed equally between all villages within a recipient country, regardless of their population size
   • Aid that requires the recipient country to spend the money on goods or services from the donor country
   • Aid that is given only after the recipient has signed a treaty to abolish all trade tariffs with the donor country

3. Which argument is made by critics such as Dambisa Moyo about long-term aid to Africa?

   • Aid has no effect on African countries at all, because it is always spent on luxuries by the donor governments
   • Aid is the only factor that has ever produced economic growth in African countries, so it should be increased sharply
   • Aid should be removed entirely, because African countries have no need for any form of external support
   • Large-scale aid can create dependency, weaken accountability and discourage investment and growth

4. What is 'protectionism' in international trade?

   • Government measures that set a fixed price for all goods sold in the domestic market, regardless of cost
   • Government measures such as tariffs or quotas that restrict imports in order to protect domestic producers
   • Government measures that remove all tariffs and quotas so that goods can move freely between every country
   • Government measures that protect foreign investors from losing money in any country where they operate

5. Which argument supports the view that fair trade can benefit small producers in developing countries?

   • Fair trade requires producers to sell their goods to the richest countries only, which raises their total income
   • Fair trade gives control of all land to foreign companies, which guarantees that producers receive a steady income
   • Fair trade removes all competition between producers, so that every farmer receives the same price for every crop
   • Guaranteed minimum prices and premiums can give producers greater income security and funds for community projects

6. Which strategy of industrialisation is associated with the East Asian 'tiger' economies, which pursued export-led growth?

   • Import substitution, which protects domestic industries by restricting imports and producing goods that were previously imported
   • Subsistence farming, which produces only what families need to eat and sells no goods to any external market
   • Autarky, which seeks total self-sufficiency by refusing all trade and foreign investment in the national economy
   • Export-oriented industrialisation, which uses manufacturing for export markets and builds competitiveness

7. What is 'urbanisation' in the context of development?

   • The movement of workers from cities to rural farms in order to restore traditional agricultural production systems
   • The planned removal of all towns and cities so that the population returns to small villages in the countryside
   • The growth of towns and cities as a share of the population, often as people move from rural areas for work and services
   • The government ban on building any new houses in cities so that existing properties can be used more efficiently

8. Which problem is often associated with rapid, unplanned urbanisation in developing countries?

   • Complete absence of any economic activity in urban areas, which leaves all residents in rural employment
   • Universal access to clean water and sanitation in all cities, which removes the need for public health services
   • Informal settlements or slums with poor sanitation, housing and access to clean water
   • Excessive availability of affordable housing, which leads to vacant properties in every city of the developing world

9. Which environmental impact of industrialisation is most often linked to developing countries' growth?

   • Rising carbon emissions and air pollution as manufacturing and energy use expand
   • A decline in water use, because industrial processes are always more efficient than traditional farming methods
   • A rise in biodiversity, because industrialisation removes the pressure on forests and wildlife in all regions
   • A fall in pollution levels, because industrialisation always replaces harmful manufacturing with clean energy sources

10. Which principle is used in international climate negotiations to recognise that developed and developing countries have different responsibilities?

    • Common but differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities
    • Uniform emission quotas, which require every country to reduce emissions by the same absolute amount each year
    • Absolute sovereignty, which gives each state the unrestricted right to use its own resources in any way it chooses
    • Free market environmentalism, which relies on private firms to set and enforce all environmental standards

11. Which concept describes the process by which wealthy countries export polluting industries or waste to poorer countries?

    • The precautionary principle, which argues that action should be taken to prevent harm where there is scientific uncertainty
    • Sustainable development, which seeks to meet present needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet theirs
    • Environmental injustice or the export of pollution to poorer regions
    • Ecological modernisation, which argues that economic growth and environmental protection can be pursued together

12. How do wars and armed conflict affect development, according to sociological analysis?

    • Conflict always accelerates development, because wartime spending creates new industries that continue after the war ends
    • Conflict only affects military budgets, so civilian services such as schools and clinics are not damaged by it
    • Conflict has no effect on development, because economies recover immediately once fighting stops in any country
    • Conflict can destroy infrastructure, displace populations, reduce investment and divert resources away from health and education

13. Which concept, associated with Mary Kaldor, describes armed conflicts in which non-state groups fight for identity or resources, often financed by criminal networks or lootable goods?

    • Cold war, which is a period of tension between superpowers that avoided direct military confrontation
    • Old wars, which are conflicts between regular armies of states fought over territory in the nineteenth century
    • Total war, which is a conflict in which all of a society's resources are mobilised for the war effort
    • New wars

14. Which problem is commonly identified when international aid is delivered in conflict zones?

    • Aid is never delivered in conflict zones, because no international agency is ever allowed to operate in those areas
    • Aid always ends conflicts immediately, because it removes all incentives for armed groups to continue fighting at all
    • Aid can be diverted or taken by armed groups, and it can sometimes prolong conflict by providing resources to those fighting
    • Aid is always used only for building new roads, so it has no effect on the people who need food or medical care

15. Which factor is most often identified as linking environmental change to conflict in some regions?

    • An abundance of land and water in every region, which removes all reasons for communities to compete over resources
    • The absence of any population movement, which keeps communities in place and prevents migration-related tension
    • Competition over scarce land, water and resources, which can intensify tensions among communities
    • The full protection of all natural resources by international law, which removes the need for any local competition

16. Which claim is most consistent with the evidence on trade liberalisation and development?

    • Trade liberalisation always reduces incomes in every country, because open markets destroy all domestic firms at once
    • Trade liberalisation always raises incomes in every country, so no policy management is ever needed to protect workers or regions
    • Trade liberalisation has no effect on development, because trade patterns are fixed by geography and cannot change
    • Trade openness has mixed effects, depending on sectors, the policies used to manage opening and how gains are distributed

17. Evaluate the claim that aid is the main solution to poverty in developing countries.

    • The claim is irrelevant, because aid has no connection to poverty in any country, whatever the level of funding
    • The claim is fully proven, because aid is the only factor that determines the level of income in any developing country
    • The claim is confirmed by the fact that every country that has received aid has become rich within a generation
    • The claim overstates aid, since trade rules, governance, investment and domestic policies also determine whether development occurs

18. Which conclusion best follows from the view that aid, trade, industrialisation, urbanisation and environmental change are interconnected?

    • Development policy must consider how these processes interact, rather than treating each one in isolation
    • Each of these processes can be addressed in isolation, because they have no effects on one another in any country
    • Only trade matters, because all the other processes are simply consequences of trade and have no independent effects
    • Only the environment matters, because all other processes are unimportant once environmental damage has occurred

19. What is 'debt cancellation' in development policy?

    • Requiring poorer countries to repay all debts within a single year, with penalties for any late payment at all
    • Lending new money to poorer countries at higher interest rates, so that their debt grows faster than their income each year
    • Selling national assets to foreign investors to repay debts, which forces the government to close public services
    • Writing off or reducing debts owed by poorer countries, so that money can be spent on services rather than repayments

20. Which factor makes the transfer of clean technology to developing countries difficult?

    • A natural abundance of cheap fossil fuels, which removes any need for developing countries to adopt cleaner energy sources
    • High costs, limited finance and intellectual property rules that restrict access to patented technologies
    • Strict limits on trade in all goods, which prevent any technology from being imported in any form at any time
    • A lack of interest in environmental policy among governments, which is shared equally across the whole world

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