4.2.6.2 Globalisation and its influence on societies Quiz: AQA Sociology, Unit 2

The 20 questions

1. In sociology, what does globalisation most broadly refer to?

   • The movement of all people into large cities, so that rural life disappears and every person lives in an urban area
   • The growth of local crafts and traditions in isolated villages, which become more important than global markets
   • The intensifying interconnection of economic, political, cultural and social relations across national borders
   • The spread of one nation's government over every other country, through the creation of a single world state

2. Which sociologist developed the idea of 'McDonaldisation' to describe the spread of efficiency, predictability, calculability and control?

   • Manuel Castells, who developed the concept of the network society to describe informational economies
   • Arjun Appadurai, who developed the concept of scapes to describe the flows of people, money and images
   • George Ritzer
   • Roland Robertson, who developed the concept of glocalisation to describe the blending of global and local forms

3. What is meant by 'glocalisation' in the work of Roland Robertson?

   • The complete replacement of local cultures by a single global culture, with no adaptation to any local practices
   • The blending of global forces with local practices, so that global products and ideas are adapted to local cultures
   • The return of societies to self-sufficient local economies, in which global trade is rejected entirely by communities
   • The increase in the number of people living in border regions, where global and national cultures meet at a single point

4. Which three positions on globalisation are identified by David Held and colleagues?

   • Optimists, pessimists and realists, which are the three positions taken in the debate about world trade in the 1990s
   • Modernisers, traditionalists and postmodernists, which are the three positions on culture in the age of global media
   • Hyperglobalists, sceptics and transformationalists
   • Capitalists, socialists and nationalists, which are the three positions on the economic effects of trade for nations

5. Which view of globalisation argues that national governments and national economies are still largely in control and that global integration is limited?

   • The hyperglobalist position, which argues that nation states have become irrelevant to the economic and cultural life of their people
   • The sceptical position
   • The transformationalist position, which argues that globalisation is reshaping states, and that its effects are unprecedented
   • The postmodernist position, which argues that all economic and political structures are now fully fluid and unpredictable

6. Which sociological concept describes the spread of Western consumer products and images worldwide, which some critics see as cultural homogenisation?

   • Cultural relativism, in which each culture is judged by its own standards rather than those of an outside observer
   • Cultural hybridity, in which cultures blend and create new forms that combine elements of several traditions
   • Cultural lag, in which the material culture of a society changes faster than its non-material culture of norms
   • Cultural imperialism or cultural homogenisation, in which global media and products are argued to erode local cultures

7. How does globalisation affect the work of transnational corporations for local communities?

   • Corporations always pay the same wages in every country, so workers gain no advantage from their location at all
   • Corporations keep all production in their home country, so local communities abroad are unaffected by their decisions
   • Corporations may shift production to where labour and regulation are cheapest, affecting jobs and working conditions locally
   • Corporations have no influence on local communities, because they are legally barred from operating outside their home state

8. Which concept describes the way that individuals and communities in different parts of the world can be connected through digital networks?

   • The network society, in which social and economic life is organised around information flows and digital connections
   • The welfare society, in which the state provides support to citizens in areas such as health, housing and education
   • The risk society, in which people face manufactured risks that arise from modern industry and technology
   • The disenchanted society, in which rational calculation removes magic and mystery from everyday social life

9. Which concept, associated with Arjun Appadurai, describes the global flows of people, money, technology, media and ideas?

   • Structuration, in which social structures are both constituted by and constrain the actions of individuals
   • Anomie, in which the breakdown of social norms leaves individuals without clear guidance about acceptable conduct
   • Hegemony, in which dominant groups secure consent to their rule through shared ideas that seem natural
   • Scapes, such as ethnoscapes, financescapes, technoscapes, mediascapes and ideoscapes

10. Which effect of globalisation is most often linked to the decline of traditional manufacturing in some older industrial areas?

    • Increase in the number of traditional craft workers, because global markets always favour small local workshops
    • Reduction in the number of workers in services, because globalisation removes all demand for services in any country
    • Relocation of production to lower-cost countries, which reduces local employment in older industries
    • Growth of local manufacturing in every area, because globalisation requires all production to take place nearby

11. Which claim about the influence of global media on young people is most consistent with sociological research?

    • Global media only affect adults, because young people are immune to advertising and cultural messages of every kind
    • Global media can influence tastes and identities, but audiences often interpret and adapt content in local ways
    • Global media have no influence on young people, because their tastes and identities are formed entirely by their families
    • Global media control every aspect of young people's identities, so audiences never interpret content in any way

12. Which concept describes a social class that operates across national borders, linked to the global capitalist system, as argued by Leslie Sklair?

    • The reserve army of labour, which is the pool of unemployed workers whose availability holds down wages in industry
    • The petty bourgeoisie, which is the group of small business owners who own limited property and employ few staff
    • The lumpenproletariat, which is the group of people outside the formal economy who live in extreme poverty
    • The transnational capitalist class

13. How can globalisation increase inequality within societies?

    • Globalisation increases inequality only in countries with no trade, which are the only countries that are unequal
    • Workers with the skills to compete globally may gain, while those in declining sectors can lose jobs and income
    • Globalisation has no effect on inequality, because the distribution of income is fixed by the state and cannot change
    • Globalisation always reduces inequality within societies, because everyone gains equally from open trade and migration

14. Which concept describes the way that global cities act as command centres for the world economy, as argued by Saskia Sassen?

    • Garden cities, which were planned in the early twentieth century to combine housing with open green spaces
    • Global cities, in which financial and specialised service functions are concentrated and linked across the world
    • Ghettos, which are areas of concentrated poverty and segregation that have developed within large urban centres
    • Company towns, which were built around a single firm that employed most local residents in manufacturing

15. Why might globalisation weaken the regulatory power of national governments, according to some critics?

    • National governments have no power to regulate anything, because they never had any authority in the first place
    • National governments become stronger under globalisation, because they can always command the global economy alone
    • National governments are unaffected, because global firms are required by international law to follow each state's rules
    • Capital and firms can move across borders, so governments may find it harder to tax, regulate or protect workers

16. Evaluate the claim that globalisation has made national cultures irrelevant.

    • The claim is irrelevant, because culture is not a part of social life, so globalisation cannot affect it in any way
    • The claim overlooks that global flows are often adapted to national and local contexts, so local cultures remain significant
    • The claim is fully proven, because every national culture has disappeared and all people now share identical values, beliefs and customs
    • The claim is confirmed by the fact that every country has adopted the same language, religion and customs

17. Which conclusion best follows from the view that globalisation produces both integration and fragmentation within societies?

    • Globalisation produces neither integration nor fragmentation, because social life remains unchanged by global forces
    • Globalisation produces only integration, so no group within any society can experience fragmentation of any kind
    • Globalisation produces only fragmentation, so no society can benefit from increased integration with the world
    • The effects of globalisation vary by group, place and context, so its influence should be studied through specific cases

18. What does 'deterritorialisation' mean in globalisation theory?

    • The return of economic activity to a single national territory after the decline of global trade and investment flows
    • The weakening of links between social relations and fixed territories, so that culture and economy operate across borders
    • The division of a country into smaller regions, each with its own laws and currency and no national government
    • The expansion of national borders through military conquest, which increases the territory a state controls over time

19. What is a 'global commodity chain'?

    • The network of production, distribution and consumption linking firms and workers across several countries to make a product
    • A system of tariffs and quotas set by the World Trade Organisation for each commodity traded between member states
    • A measure of the total value of goods exported by a country, recorded each year by national statistics offices
    • A chain of shops owned by a single family that sells local goods to tourists in several major cities across the world

20. Which effect of globalisation on migration is most often noted by sociologists?

    • Complete removal of all border controls, so that people can move freely to any country without any restriction
    • Increased movement of labour across borders, alongside restrictions that differ between skilled and unskilled migrants
    • A fall in migration, because global trade is thought to reduce the need for workers to move between countries
    • Migration only between neighbouring countries, because longer distance travel has been prohibited by international treaty

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