3.3.1.3.2 Socialism: key thinkers Quiz: AQA Politics, Unit 3

The 20 questions

1. Which concept did Marx and Engels use to describe the conflict between capital and labour?

   • Third Way politics, which Anthony Giddens used to describe the combination of market and welfare
   • Parliamentary consensus, which Anthony Crosland used to describe the agreement between the parties
   • Class struggle
   • Co-operative federalism, which Beatrice Webb used to describe the organisation of economic life

2. Who co-wrote The Communist Manifesto with Karl Marx?

   • Rosa Luxemburg, who wrote on the spontaneity of mass action in revolutionary socialist politics
   • Anthony Giddens, who developed the concept of the Third Way in late twentieth-century politics
   • Beatrice Webb, who promoted co-operative federalism and the early Fabian socialist movement
   • Friedrich Engels

3. What is the main claim of The Communist Manifesto (1848)?

   • Religion is the foundation of social order and must be protected by the state against all critics
   • Property must be divided equally among citizens through a national lottery held in every generation
   • The state should own the land but leave industry to private enterprise and the free market
   • The history of all existing society is the history of class struggles

4. Which philosopher's dialectical method did Marx adapt for his theory of history?

   • Locke, whose theory of natural rights shaped Marx's theory of the state and of private property
   • Rousseau, whose idea of the general will shaped Marx's theory of popular sovereignty and consent
   • Hegel
   • Burke, whose critique of abstract reasoning shaped Marx's theory of revolution and class conflict

5. Which work by Rosa Luxemburg is associated with the choice between reform and revolution?

   • Industrial Democracy (1897), which set out a federal model of co-operative organisation in industry
   • The Future of Socialism (1956), which rejected nationalisation as the central goal of the party
   • The Third Way (1998), which set out the combination of market economics and social welfare
   • Reform or Revolution (1899)

6. What was Luxemburg's view on the capacity of the working masses to act?

   • She believed the masses were incapable of learning and must always be led by an elite of professional revolutionaries
   • She trusted that the masses could learn through struggle and act spontaneously to bring about revolution
   • She believed revolution would come only when workers had accumulated enough private wealth to finance it
   • She believed the masses should leave politics entirely to the monarchy and the traditional nobility of the land

7. Which criticism did Luxemburg direct at highly centralised revolutionary parties?

   • That party members should never be allowed to vote in elections for the leadership of the party
   • That revolutionary parties should accept the monarchy as a constitutional partner in government
   • That the working masses should be excluded from all political decisions taken within the party
   • That tight central control could stifle the spontaneous initiative of the working masses

8. Beatrice Webb was a leading figure in which socialist organisation?

   • The Anarchist Federation, which rejected all parliamentary participation by socialists in government
   • The Socialist Workers' Party, which called for an immediate armed uprising against the state
   • The Communist League, which was founded by Marx and Engels to organise the working class
   • The Fabian Society

9. Which system did Webb's co-operative commonwealth envisage for the economy?

   • Co-operative organisations, linked in federal structures, providing and running economic life
   • Individual peasant farms with no formal organisation beyond the family unit and its own customs
   • Complete state ownership of all firms, run by a single central planning ministry in the capital
   • Private monopolies that compete on price in every market for consumer and capital goods

10. In which year was Crosland's The Future of Socialism published?

    • 1956
    • 1998, the year in which Giddens published his account of the Third Way in politics
    • 1848, the year in which The Communist Manifesto was first published by Marx and Engels
    • 1917, the year of the Russian Revolution, which Crosland analysed in his later work

11. Which political values did Crosland associate with socialism?

    • Religious authority, state censorship of the press and collective obedience to the party line
    • Nationalisation of every business, the abolition of private property and the end of free markets
    • Hereditary privilege, national tradition and the military strength of the state in every age
    • Personal liberty, social welfare and equality

12. Which thinker is most associated with revisionism in socialist debate?

    • Anthony Crosland
    • Rosa Luxemburg, who insisted on the spontaneous revolutionary action of the working masses in every case
    • Friedrich Engels, who co-wrote the Communist Manifesto and developed the theory of class struggle
    • Beatrice Webb, who promoted co-operative federalism and the early work of the Fabian Society

13. What did Giddens reject in traditional socialism?

    • Its traditional conception of socialism, including the central role of state ownership and old class politics
    • Any form of social democracy, which he considered to be a form of revolutionary socialism
    • The market economy, which he argued should be nationalised in full by a central planning ministry
    • The welfare state as a whole, which he argued should be abolished in favour of private charity

14. What is the central idea of Giddens's Third Way?

    • Rejecting both the market and the welfare state in favour of private charity and voluntary work
    • Returning to nationalised industry and the planned economy of the mid-twentieth century for every sector
    • Adopting the economic programme of revolutionary Marxism, together with added social reforms in welfare
    • Combining market-friendly economic policy with left-wing social policy such as welfare and equality

15. What is the central claim of Marx's Capital (Das Kapital)?

    • Capitalist profit is a gift from the church to the owners of land and capital in each parish
    • Capitalist profit arises from the managerial skill of owners in running enterprises for the public good
    • Capitalist profit depends on the exploitation of labour, measured through surplus value
    • Capitalist profit is a fixed sum set by the state for every business in the economy each year

16. Which work by Beatrice Webb, written with her husband Sidney, examined the organisation of trade unions?

    • The Third Way (1998), which set out a combination of market economics and social welfare policy
    • Reform or Revolution (1899), which criticised revisionist socialism and the spontaneity of the masses
    • Industrial Democracy (1897)
    • The Future of Socialism (1956), which argued that nationalisation should not be the central goal

17. Which thinker argued that the 'co-operative individualism' of individuals working together should shape socialism?

    • Anthony Giddens, who argued that socialism should combine right-wing economics with left-wing social policy
    • Anthony Crosland, who argued that personal liberty and equality should guide socialist policy in government
    • Rosa Luxemburg, who argued that the spontaneous action of the working masses should lead revolution
    • Beatrice Webb

18. Which work by Rosa Luxemburg examined the spontaneity of mass action in Germany and Russia?

    • Capital (1867), which set out the theory of surplus value and the exploitation of labour
    • The Mass Strike (1906)
    • The Communist Manifesto (1848), which set out the historical theory of class struggle with Engels
    • The Third Way (1998), which argued for the combination of market economics and social welfare policy

19. What did Marx mean by the 'dictatorship of the proletariat'?

    • Rule by a single dictator chosen by the workers from among the leaders of the trade union movement
    • A permanent system in which the monarchy governs on behalf of the working class in every region
    • A transitional period in which the working class holds state power to suppress the old ruling class
    • A period in which private property is protected by an armed police force drawn from the old nobility

20. What did Marx mean by the 'alienation' of the worker under capitalism?

    • Workers leave their homes to work in distant factories, which lowers their wages in every case
    • Workers become estranged from their labour, its products and their own human nature
    • Workers are estranged from the state, which forces them to join the armed forces by law
    • Workers are excluded from trade unions, which deny them access to collective bargaining with owners

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