Lesson 4.3.1.4

4.3.1.4 Crime control, surveillance, punishment and victims Quiz: AQA Sociology, Unit 3

20 questions

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Lesson 4.3.1.4, Crime control, surveillance, punishment and victims: 20 multiple choice questions for the AQA Sociology (7192), Unit 3: Crime and Deviance with Theory and Methods, written with Revision Ninja.

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The 20 questions

  1. In Foucault's account, what is the 'panopticon' an example of?

    • A model of victim support in which counsellors are placed in courtrooms so that complainants can be observed by the public
    • A model of police patrol in which officers walk fixed routes so that every street is observed at regular intervals during the night
    • A model of public punishment in which offenders are displayed in town squares so that the whole community can witness their sentences
    • A model of constant visibility in which people internalise surveillance and discipline themselves, which is a form of modern power

  2. Which change did Foucault describe in the history of punishment?

    • A shift from public physical punishment of the body to disciplinary punishments focused on reforming and managing offenders
    • A shift from criminal courts to the family, which became responsible for dealing with all forms of crime within the home
    • A shift from prison sentences to fines for almost every offence, with the public punishment of offenders abolished entirely
    • A shift from the rule of law to the rule of religious courts, which dealt with crimes according to scripture and church doctrine

  3. What does Stanley Cohen mean by 'net-widening' in the context of crime control?

    • Increasing the number of police officers in a district, so that more streets and public spaces are visibly patrolled each night
    • Narrowing the number of offences in criminal law, so that fewer people are prosecuted and fewer are sent to prison each year
    • Reducing the use of prison by replacing custodial sentences with fines, which are paid directly to the victims of each offence
    • Expanding systems of control so that more people, and more minor behaviour, come under the supervision of the criminal justice system

  4. Which concept, associated with David Garland, describes a late-modern shift towards risk management and punitive responses to crime?

    • The culture of control, which emphasises risk, victims, public anxiety and punitive policies in late modern societies
    • Classical criminology, which emphasises rational choice and the deterrent effect of certain, swift and proportionate punishment
    • Positivist criminology, which emphasises biological and psychological causes of crime that can be treated by medical intervention
    • The welfare state, which emphasises rehabilitation and social support for offenders and their families within the community

  5. Which is the best description of 'restorative justice'?

    • A process in which victims and offenders meet, with the aim of repairing harm and reaching agreement about how to do so
    • A process in which police officers restore the damage caused by offenders, by repairing buildings and vehicles at public expense
    • A process in which victims are excluded from court proceedings, so that the state alone decides the appropriate punishment
    • A process in which offenders are sentenced to forced labour in state workshops, which is designed to repay society for their crimes

  6. Which example illustrates 'situational crime prevention'?

    • Sentencing offenders to longer custodial terms, so that the threat of imprisonment deters future offending by the same people
    • Offering counselling to young people who have been excluded from school, so that they develop better self-esteem and social skills
    • Teaching children in primary schools about the moral dangers of stealing, so that they learn to reject dishonest behaviour early
    • Installing CCTV and better street lighting in a car park to reduce the opportunity for theft and assault

  7. Which development is most associated with the growth of surveillance in modern societies?

    • Expanded use of CCTV, automatic number plate recognition and digital data collection by public and private organisations
    • A decline in the use of records, with governments abandoning databases of citizens' names and addresses for privacy reasons
    • A decline in the use of technology in policing, with officers returning to foot patrols and paper-based record keeping
    • A reduction in the number of cameras in public places, following legal rulings that restricted all forms of visual monitoring

  8. What is meant by 'victim support' within the criminal justice system?

    • Services that help victims cope with the effects of crime, such as information, advice and emotional support
    • Services that record the financial losses of insurance companies so that they can claim back payments from convicted offenders
    • Services that provide legal defence to offenders, ensuring that every accused person is represented by a qualified advocate
    • Services that monitor the behaviour of victims after an offence, to check that they are not involved in further crimes

  9. Which criticism is most often made of prison as a form of punishment?

    • Prisons may fail to reduce reoffending, and can expose people to damaging experiences that increase future offending
    • Prisons always reduce reoffending to zero, since every person released from custody is permanently rehabilitated by the time they leave
    • Prisons are never used for serious offences, since courts sentence only minor offenders to terms of imprisonment in every case
    • Prisons are too cheap to run, so governments are required to spend more money on them in order to meet the basic standards

  10. Which theory views the criminal justice system as serving the interests of powerful groups in society?

    • Functionalist criminology, which argues that the criminal justice system exists only to rehabilitate offenders into the workforce
    • Conflict or Marxist criminology, which argues that criminal justice protects the interests of the ruling class
    • Biological positivism, which argues that criminal justice is designed to isolate people whose genetic inheritance predisposes them to crime
    • Symbolic interactionism, which argues that criminal justice is a set of meanings that individual officers create in daily talk

  11. What is a key concern about 'surveillance' as a form of crime control?

    • It applies only to the wealthiest groups, since only they are able to afford the cameras and sensors used in monitoring systems
    • It can intrude on privacy and can disproportionately target particular groups, raising questions about fairness and rights
    • It has no social consequences, because citizens do not notice or respond to being monitored in their daily routines and movements
    • It always reduces crime to zero, since offenders are deterred completely by the knowledge that they are being observed at all times

  12. Which statement about the role of victims in late-modern criminal justice is most accurate?

    • Victims have been removed from all criminal proceedings, so they now have no role or voice in any part of the justice process
    • Victims are required to pay for their own prosecutions, which is why they are excluded from policy debates about crime
    • Victims are now treated exactly as offenders are, with the same legal rights to a trial and the same punishments applied to them
    • Victims have become more visible in policy and political debate, shaping responses to crime and sentencing

  13. Which of these is an example of 'crime control' rather than crime prevention?

    • Running youth clubs in deprived areas, so that young people have structured activities and positive adult role models each week
    • Redesigning a housing estate so that its paths and communal spaces are overlooked by residents, reducing opportunities for crime
    • Publishing leaflets on home security, so that households take practical steps to reduce their risk of burglary and theft
    • Imprisoning a convicted offender after a trial in order to restrict their freedom and protect the public from further harm

  14. A local council installs ANPR cameras on all routes into a town centre. Which concern would a critical criminologist most likely raise?

    • The cameras will be too expensive for the town to maintain, so the council should abandon all other forms of crime prevention
    • The cameras will have no effect on crime, since offenders never travel by car and so cannot be recorded by any camera system
    • The cameras will remove all risks of victimisation, which means that the council no longer needs any police presence in the town
    • The system collects data on all drivers, which may infringe privacy and be used beyond its original purpose

  15. Which concept refers to the formal and informal reactions of society, including the police, courts, families and communities, that respond to crime?

    • Crime deterrence, understood as the single measure of how many offenders are prevented from committing crime by fear of prison
    • Crime causation, understood as the set of biological and social factors that cause individuals to commit offences in the first place
    • Crime statistics, understood as the total number of offences that appear in official records each year across all categories
    • Crime control, understood as the set of formal and informal responses that society uses to manage deviance and offending

  16. Which claim about the effectiveness of imprisonment compared with community sentences is most consistent with sociological evidence?

    • The effectiveness depends on the offence and offender, and the evidence on reoffending rates is mixed and contested
    • Imprisonment is always more effective than community sentences in reducing reoffending for every type of offence and offender
    • Imprisonment and community sentences have identical effects on reoffending, which means that the choice between them has no importance
    • Community sentences always increase reoffending, because offenders who are not imprisoned never learn that crime has consequences

  17. Which concept describes the disciplining of populations through the systematic monitoring and classification of their behaviour?

    • Legitimate authority, which Weber described as the belief that a ruler or institution has the right to command obedience
    • Collective conscience, which Durkheim described as the shared beliefs and sentiments that bind members of a society together
    • Disciplinary power, which Foucault described as the normalising monitoring of people through institutions and records
    • Cultural capital, which Bourdieu described as the knowledge and tastes that help individuals gain advantage within a social field

  18. What is 'deterrence' as a purpose of punishment?

    • The idea that punishment discourages offending, either by warning others or by discouraging the offender from reoffending
    • The idea that punishment expresses moral outrage at wrongdoing, so that it is deserved regardless of any effect on future behaviour
    • The idea that punishment removes offenders from society permanently, so that they cannot have contact with the public again
    • The idea that punishment repairs the harm done to victims by requiring offenders to make financial or practical payments to them

  19. What is 'rehabilitation' as an aim of sentencing?

    • Changing offenders' behaviour through education, treatment or training so that they are less likely to offend again
    • Restoring the original state of the offender's property by requiring the court to return any stolen goods to their owner
    • Restoring the moral status of offenders by holding a public ceremony in which their conviction is formally erased from records
    • Restoring offenders to their former occupations automatically, by guaranteeing employment in the same job they held before arrest

  20. What is 'retribution' as a justification for punishment?

    • Punishment as a payment made by the offender to the state, which covers the administrative cost of running the court system
    • Punishment as a means of testing the sincerity of an offender's remorse, by observing their reactions during the sentencing hearing
    • Punishment as deserved payback for wrongdoing, which expresses condemnation of the offence rather than aiming to change the offender
    • Punishment as a reward for good behaviour in custody, which gives prisoners incentives to comply with institutional regulations

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